Hacking For Beginners – Manthan Desai

2010

50. The complete History of hacking

Maybe not the complete history but a valid attempt. A complete hacker history willnever be obtainable since so much of the history is fragmented, unfounded andunreported.This will not be a complete list but a work in progress.

1960s

[1960 Nov] Telephone calls are switched for the first time by computer.

[1963] Dartmouth College , located in Hanover, New Hampshire, incorporates the introduction to the use of computers asa regular part of the Liberal Arts program.

[1963] ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is created, permitting machines differentmanufacturers to exchange data. ASCII consists of 128 unique strings of ones and zeros.

[1964] There are approximately 18,200 computer systems in the United States. Over 70% of those computers weremanufactured by International Business Machines (IBM).

[1964] Thomas Kurtz and John Kemeny created BASIC (Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), an easy- tolearnprogramming language, for their students at Dartmouth College.

[1967] The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) work with U.S. computer experts to form a network of InterfaceMessage Processors (IMPS). The computers would act as gateways mainframes at a variety of institutions in theUnited States and provide a major part of what would become in the years ahead.

[1969] The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) originates , a service designed to provide efficientways to communicate for scientists. A Cambridge, Massachusetts consulting firm, Bolt Beranek and Newman , who wona ARPA contract to design and build a network of Interface Message Processors (IMPS) the year prior, ships (Sept) thefirst unit to UCLA and ships (Oct) the second unit to Stanford Research Institute . IMPS act as gateways to mainframes ata variety of institutions in the United States. Within a few days of delivery, the machine at UCLA and Stanford link up forthe first time and ARPANET is founded. network expands to four nodes. The first four nodes (networks)consisted of the, University of California Angeles , University of California Santa Barbara , University of Utah and the Stanford Research Institute . This system evolve to be known as the Internet or the Information Super Highway.

[1969] Intel makes the announcement of a much larger RAM chip. It boasts of a 1KB capacity.

[1969] Ken L. Thompson , Dennis M. Ritchie and others start working on the UNIX operating system at Bell Labs (laterAT&T). UNIX was designed with the goal of allowing several users to access the computer simultaneously.

[1969] The first computer hackers emerge at MIT . They borrow their name from a term to describe members of a modeltrain group at the school who "hack" the electric trains, tracks, and switches to make them perform faster and differently.A few of the members transfer their curiosity and rigging skills to the new mainframe computing systems being studiedand developed on campus.

[1969] Joe Engressia ('The Whistler', 'Joybubbles' and 'High Rise Joe') considered the father of phreaking. Joe, who isblind, was a mathematics student at USF in the late 1960s when he discovered that he could whistle into a paytelephone the precise pitch -- the 2600- cycle note , close to a high A- - that would trip phone circuits and allow him tomake long-distance calls at no cost.

1970s

[1970] An estimated 100,000 computer systems are in use in the United States.

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